Showing 10 results for Antibiotic Resistance
Seyedeh Somayeh Jasemi, Farzad Alipoor, Sanaz Dehbashi, Jalal Mardaneh,
Volume 21, Issue 3 (12-2014)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Citrobacter is a gram-negative, nonsporeforming, facultative anaerobic and motile bacillus within the family of Enterobacteriaceae and is ubiquitous in nature. This opportunistic pathogen causes a wide spectrum of infections. The aim of the present study was to examine the isolation of Citrobacter spp. from blood specimens in patients hospitalized in Kermanshah Imam Khomeini hospital and to determine the isolates sensitivity to antibiotics. Materials and Methods: This cross- sectional study was carried out on 2285 blood specimens collected from hospitalized patients between March 2012 and February 2012. In the beginning, the blood samples were inoculated in blood culture tubes media. The Citrobacter spp. isolates were identified and their identification was confirmed by means of morphological and biochemical laboratory tests. Drug sensitivity test was carried out according to CLSI (2011) recommendations through using the standard disc diffusion method. Results: In this study Citrobacter spp. were isolated from 21 (15.8%) of 133 culture positive blood specimens collected from the hospitalized patients. The most effective antimicrobial agents against Citrobacter isolates were imipenem (90.4%), and amikacin (71.5%), respectively. The most frequent resistance observed was to cephalothin (76.2%), ciprofloxacin (76.2%), ceftazidime (66.6%) and co-trimoxazole (62%). Conclusion: Citrobacter isolates showed high resistance to betalactam antibiotics. Therefore, it is necessary that these drugs should only be administered to patients whose diagnostic isolates reveal sensitivity in vitro.
Maneli Amin Shahidi, Mojtaba Anvarinejad, Amin Abbasian, Pejman Abbasi, Noroddin Rafaatpour, Mohammad Ali Dehyadegari, Bahman Pourabbas, Gholam Reza Pouladfar, Jalal Mardaneh,
Volume 22, Issue 3 (11-2015)
Abstract
Background and Aim: The emergence of nonfermenter bacteria that are resistant to multidrug resistant ESBL are nowadays a principal problem for hospitalized patients. The present study aimed at surveying the emergence of nonfermenter bacteria resistant to multi-drug ESBL producing isolated from patients blood samples using BACTEC 9240 automatic system in Shiraz.
Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 4825 blood specimens were collected from hospitalized patients in Shiraz (Iran), and positive samples were detected by means of BACTEC 9240 automatic system. The isolates containing nonfermenter bacteria were identified based on biochemical tests embedded in the API-20E system. Antibiotic sensitivity test was performed and identification of ESBL producing strains were done using phenotypic detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing isolates(DDST) according to CLSI(2013) guidelines.
Results: Out of 4825 blood samples, 1145 (24%) specimen were gram-positive using BACTEC system. Among all isolated microorganisms, 206 isolates were non-fermenting gram- negative bacteria. The most common non-fermenter isolates were Pseudomonas spp. (48%), Acinetobacter spp. (41.7%) ,and Stenotrophomonas spp. (8.2%). Seventy of them (81.4%) were Acinetobacter spp. which were ESBL positive. Among &beta-lactam antibiotics, Pseudomonas spp. showed the best sensitivity to piperacillin-tazobactam (46.5%).
Conclusion: It was found that &beta-lactam antibiotics are not effective against more than 40% of Pseudomonas spp. infections and 78% Acinetobacter infections. Emergence of multi-drug resistant strains that are resistant to most antibiotic classes is a major public health problem in Iran. To resolve this problem using of practical guidelines is critical.
Forough Heydari, Zahra Rashki Ghalehnoo,
Volume 22, Issue 4 (12-2015)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most important causative agents of nosocomial infections that threatens many lives .. Regarding the innate and adaptive ability of the bacteria species to become resistant to many antimicrobial agents, recognition of different antibiotic resistance patterns is extremely significant in assessing the validity of the monitoring programs. Also, the pattern of genetic isolates is essential in the management of infections caused by these bacteria. The purpose of this study was to determine genetic diversity and patterns of antimicrobial resistance of P. aeruginosa isolates using RAPD-PCR.
Materials and Methods: The present study aimed at assessing the genetic diversity and antibiotic resistant pattern of P. aeruginosa isolates in the educational Zabol hospitals. Thus, antibiotic susceptibility of 100 isolates was determined applying Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method.
Results: RAPD-PCR data revealed a high level of polymorphism among the isolates of P. aeruginosa in Sistan. But, no association was observed between antibiotic susceptibility and genetic diversity pattern.
Conclusion: In the present study, we RAPD-PCR technique was found to be a useful means for the investigation of the genetic variation and epidemiological study among P. aeruginosa isolates collected from Sistan region.
Gholamreza Pourali Sheshblouki, Jalal Mardaneh,
Volume 23, Issue 1 (4-2016)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Klebsiella pneumoniae is a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family. There is a global emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of K. pneumoniae, a Gram-negative enteric bacterium that causes nosocomial and urinary tract infections. The aims of the present study were to identify the Klebsiella pneumoniae infections in hospitalized patients, characterization of blaCTX gene, detection cross-resistance and cefepime susceptible-dose dependent (SDD) in isolates.
Materials and Methods: In present study, 111 strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae were isolated from patients hospitalized in Ghotbadden, Faghihi and Nemazee hospitals (Shiraz, Iran). The isolates were identified as K.pneumoniae, based on biochemical tests embedded in the API-20E system. Susceptibility testing (disc diffusion) was performed according clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI) guidelines. Detection cefepime susceptible-dose dependent (SDD) was performed. The detection of AmpC β-lactamases producing strains was done based on cefoxitin and cefepime disk tests. The blaCTX gene was detected in the isolates by PCR molecular method.
Results: Total 111 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were studied. The less effective drug was ceftazidime (37.8% isolates were sensitive). All SDD strains were susceptible to colistin and imipenem. Colistin (96.4%) and imipenem (88.3%) were the most effective antibiotics against isolates. Respectively, 41.4% and 35.1% isolates displayed resistance to gentamicin and amikacin. All colistin resistant isolates were imipenem sensitive. The results of PCR on blaCTX gene showed that 70.3% of the isolates possess the gene.
Conclusion: Carbapenem drugs are effective against Klebsieella pneumoniae infections. These results indicate that multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug resistant (XDR) strains of K.pneumoniae are rising, and fewer antibiotics may be useful for treating infections caused by these strains. Routine investigation and reporting of antibiotics resistance profile in patients presenting with Klebsiella infections is suggested.
Parvin Askari, Kiarash Ghazvini, Mohammad Hassan Namaei, Ehsan Aryan, Hadi Safdari, Masoud Yousefi,
Volume 24, Issue 3 (11-2017)
Abstract
Background and Aim: As one of the major causes of hospital and community acquired infections, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) requires accurate and timely diagnosis. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and antibiotic resistance patterns of MRSA in patients hospitalized in the Birjand-based Imam Reza hospital.
Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 102 clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates were evaluated. Staphylococcus aureus isolates were confirmed via conventional microbiological and PCR methods (coa gene). The antimicrobial resistance patterns of the isolates were determined using the Kirby-Bauer disk-diffusion based on CLSI guidelines. Resistance to methicillin in the isolates was confirmed by means of PCR method (mceA gene). Finally, the obtained data was analyzed using SPSS software (version 16).
Results: In this study, 50.9% and 58.8% of Staphylococcus aureus isolates were reported as methicillin-resistant using the Kirby-Bauer disk-diffusion and PCR methods, respectively. The highest antibiotic resistance in MRSA strains was found to penicillin (96.6%), to erythromycin (45%), and to ciprofloxacin (36.6%). In present study, resistance to azithromycin, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, minocycline, and rifampin in MRSA isolates was significantly greater than Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (P<0.05).
Conclusion: A significant percentage of MRSA isolates in the hospitalized patients was resistant to methicillin, which is confirmed even with a wider range in their genotype.
Sina Mashaiekhi, Kumarss Amini,
Volume 25, Issue 2 (7-2018)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Staphylococci are common pathogens of humans and livestock that able to produce a wide range of diseases. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus are the important factors for biofilm production in patients. This study was designed to determine the ability of biofilm production and the resistance pattern of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus strains that isolated from hospital and food infectious.
Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 117 hospital samples. First, biochemical tests were used in order to isolate and confirm Staphylococcus epidermidis and aureus strains. To determine biofilm production, the Microtiter plate method was applied and the presence of icaA and icaD genes are were identified using PCR. Antibiotic resistance pattern of strains was evaluated by Disk diffusion method related to 7 antibiotics.
Results: 12 strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis and 20 strains of Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from 117 hospital samples by biochemical tests, of these, 6 strains of the Staphylococcus epidermidis and 16 strains of the Staphylococcus aureus were the producers of biofilm. PCR results shown that icaA and icaD genes were present in 15 strains of Staphylococcus aureus and 6 strains of the Staphylococcus epidermidis. The highest antibiotic resistance in the antibiotic resistance test was related to penicillin, gentamicin, and amikacin respectively.
Conclusion: Extending clinical samples of biofilm producers with multiple antibiotic resistance can be considered as a serious risk for patients and lead to increase mortality rate in hospitals.
Masood Asghari, Mahmoud Zardast, Mehdi Bakhshaee, Sarvenaz Hazrati,
Volume 25, Issue 2 (7-2018)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Awareness of the pattern of aerobic and fungal bacterial agents and their sensitivity to common antibiotics is of great importance in the treatment of external ear canal infection. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of infections in Birjand residents as a tropical region of the desert in specialized clinics affiliated to Birjand University of Medical Sciences.
Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical study in the Time period from 2016 to 2017 on 100 patients with otitis externa referred to specialist clinics affiliated with the Birjand University of Medical Sciences. The subjects were selected using simple non-probability sampling. Sampling was done by two swabs and examined in the reference laboratory for gram-negative, positive bacteria and fungi. Data were analyzed by Chi-Square and Fisher exact tests using SPSS software (version 16).
Results: A total of 100 patients were enrolled. The average age of participants 43.38±9.15 years and most of the participants were male (61%) and urban (70 %). The most common clinical symptoms are itching ears (48%), otalgia (21%) and erythema (19%) respectively. Out of 74 samples of bacteria/fungi with the positive culture, bacteria were reported in 89/1% and fungi with 10.9% which among them Gram-positive bacteria were most often (36 patients, 54.5 percent). The highest antibiotic resistance was reported for: cefixime (45.8%), cefazolin (30.2%), gentamicin (12%) and ciprofloxacin (12%) respectively.
Conclusion: The etiology of acute otitis externa in the patients of Birjand is composed of many bacteria and fungi. Resistance to cefixime is more than ciprofloxacin however, the susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and gentamycin is acceptable.
Zohre Barzegari Esfeden, Ali Ghaderi, Ali Dashtgard, Marzie Moghanni,
Volume 26, Issue 4 (12-2019)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Determination of antibiotic resistance pattern and awareness of current resistance in each region, it can help to take appropriate therapeutic measures. The purpose of this study to identification of bacterial agents causing infection, and was the determination of their antibiotic resistance in patients admitted to educational hospital of Shohada Qaen, through the years 2018-2019.
Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, in the period of one year, 1980 samples were collected from patients admitted to educational hospitals of Shohada Qaen. The specimens were cultured in blood agar and EMB, and were incubated at 37 ° C for 24 hours, then the infection-causing bacteria were identified by differential biochemical tests, depending on gram positive or gram negative bacteria. The Disk diffusion method was applied to determine antibiotic resistance pattern, and the combined disk phenotypic method was applied to determine the strains producing e extended -spectrum beta-lactamase enzymes (ESBLs).
Results: of 1980 samples collected from patients admitted, 183 bacterial isolates were collected from which 151 gram negative and 32 gram-positive bacteria were identified. The most common isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli with a frequency of 60.1%, followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella, with a frequency of 11.5% and 10.9% respectively. Generally, gram-positive bacteria had the least resistance to Ciprofloxacin and Imipenem and gram-negative bacteria had the least resistance to Amikacin. 44.7% of the gram-negative bacteria produced ESBL.
Conclusion: Antibiotic administration based on the antibiotic resistance pattern can be more effective and useful. The high prevalence of ESBL producing strains indicates the necessity of rapid monitoring and identification of these strains.
Mohamad Reza Doostabadi, Diba Abazari, Masoud Yousefi, Ali Hosseininejad-Mohebati, Sedigheh Solymani, Mohsen Foadoddini,
Volume 27, Issue 2 (6-2020)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Urinary tract infections can be one of the most important causes of infertility in men. Identification of semen bacterial contamination and using of appropriate antibiotic treatment can cause to improvement sperm parameters. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of bacterial contamination of semen and its effect on standard sperm parameters.
Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, the semen analysis of 40 men referring to Birjand laboratories was performed by using the CASA model spermogram device. The Eosin-Nigrosin staining was used to evaluate of sperm viability. After semen samples were cultured on microbial culture media, bacterial contamination was assessed by using conventional microbiological methods. The determination of antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates was performed by the disk diffusion method.
Results: In the present study, 30% of semen 12 samples were detected with bacterial contamination, the most frequent of which was related to Escherichia coli (41.7%). Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between bacterial contamination of semen and history of urinary tract infection (UTI) (P=0.001). There was a significant decrease in the motility, viability and sperm count in subjects with bacterial semen contamination (P<0.05). Nitrofurantoin, Gentamicin and third-generation of Cephalosporins were reported as the most effective treatment options for reducing bacterial contamination in semen.
Conclusion: The bacterial contamination of semen can significantly reduce the motility, viability and sperm count. Due to the high prevalence of bacterial contamination in semen and its significant association with sperm factors, the microbial screening of infertile couples without clinical symptoms is essential.
Motahareh Mahi-Birjand, Effat Alemzadeh, Saeed Jalalian, Soudabe Es'haghi,
Volume 31, Issue 4 (12-2024)
Abstract
Background and Aims: Incorrect and excessive use of antibiotics has led to a significant rise in drug resistance. Nowadays, irrational antibiotic use is a major contributor to increased illness, death, and healthcare costs. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the pattern of Teicoplanin use in hospitalized patients at teaching hospitals in Birjand, Iran, from 2022 to 2023.
Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study based on hospital data was conducted on all patients hospitalized in the wards of Vali-Asr, Imam Reza, and Razi teaching hospitals in 2022 and 2023 who were prescribed Teicoplanin. In this study, all the information required by the patients was recorded in Excel based on the study objectives, as well as the global protocols of the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA(, and American Society of Health-System Pharmacists )ASHP(. Finally, the results were analyzed using the SPSS (version 26) software.
Results: The study included 73 patients with a mean age of 64.26±17.90 years; 37 (51%) were women. The most common clinical conditions leading to Teicoplanin administration were pneumonia (73%) and sepsis (32.9%). According to the results, 87.7% of Teicoplanin treatments were based on antibiogram test results, while only nine patients (12.3%) received empirical Teicoplanin treatment. In 11% of cases, the loading dose of Teicoplanin was correctly administered. Additionally, the maintenance dose was correctly administered in 54 patients (74%). In addition, adverse drug reactions to Teicoplanin were observed in 12 patients (16.4%). The results revealed that 67 patients (91.8%) were admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). According to the researcher-developed checklist, only four patients (5.4%) adhered to all protocol guidelines.
Conclusion: According to the findings, the patterns of rational Teicoplanin prescription in the studied hospitals do not sufficiently align with existing guidelines and standards.
Attribution-NoneCommercial CC BY-NC