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Mr. Miri, Bn. Moasheri, M. Moodi, Z. Soorgi, H. Hoseini,
Volume 12, Issue 3 (12-2005)
Volume 12, Issue 3 (12-2005)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Accelerated population growth around the world is a critical barrier on the way of social, economical, and cultural development of countries. Regarding the importance of birth control programs for the Ministry of Health and Medical Education and the fact that employed women form a main
stratum of the community with their own peculiar beliefs, the study of their fertility (productivity) pattern (based on Intent Behavior Model) seems quite necessary.
Materials and Methods: In a descriptive analytical study, all lay female employees working in the Birjand University of Medical sciences, Birjand University, and Birjand Azad University (135 women) were surveyed. Data collecting tool in the present study was a structural questionnaire on variables of intentbehavior
model such as attitude, abstract norms, intent, behavior, etc. To analyze the data we used chisquare, independent test, Pearson correlation coefficient, logistic regression. P≤0.05 was considered as the significant level.
Results: There was a significant difference between women’s awareness score and their level of education (P<0.007). Also, there was a significant correlation between the women’s awareness and their number and age of children (P<0.007). Logistic regression result showed that number of children, level of education and age, were respectively considered by the women using contraceptive methods.
Conclusion: Family planning educations focusing on variables of intent- behavior models, face to face methods, group trainings- group discussion, and providing health pamphlets play an effective role in women’s and families’ fertility behavior.
stratum of the community with their own peculiar beliefs, the study of their fertility (productivity) pattern (based on Intent Behavior Model) seems quite necessary.
Materials and Methods: In a descriptive analytical study, all lay female employees working in the Birjand University of Medical sciences, Birjand University, and Birjand Azad University (135 women) were surveyed. Data collecting tool in the present study was a structural questionnaire on variables of intentbehavior
model such as attitude, abstract norms, intent, behavior, etc. To analyze the data we used chisquare, independent test, Pearson correlation coefficient, logistic regression. P≤0.05 was considered as the significant level.
Results: There was a significant difference between women’s awareness score and their level of education (P<0.007). Also, there was a significant correlation between the women’s awareness and their number and age of children (P<0.007). Logistic regression result showed that number of children, level of education and age, were respectively considered by the women using contraceptive methods.
Conclusion: Family planning educations focusing on variables of intent- behavior models, face to face methods, group trainings- group discussion, and providing health pamphlets play an effective role in women’s and families’ fertility behavior.
Ss. Mazloomy, M. Zare, M. Feisal, F. Maleki, F. Servat, Mh. Ahmadieh,
Volume 13, Issue 1 (3-2006)
Volume 13, Issue 1 (3-2006)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women in most countries of the world. One of the most important diagnostic measures for early diagnosis is breast self-examination (B.S.E.). The present study aimed at determining the effect of health training on knowledge, attitude, and practice of female teachers in Yazd intermediate schools on breast cancer.
Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study , pre/post health education data gathering concerning 140 female teachers in Yazd intermediate schools was performed through questionnaires. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS statistical software and McNemar statistical test at significant level P≤0.05
Results: This study showed that B.S.E training was effective on knowledge, attitude, and practice of the subjects. In all the features, the difference was significant at the level P<0.001. No statistically significant relationship was observed between demographical factors (age, education, and work experience) and health training effect on the subjects' knowledge, attitude, and practice. It was found that before training 62.86% of the women did not perform B.S.E due to lack of familiarity with correct methods; but, after training this decreased to 33.57% (P=0.000).
Conclusion: Generally speaking, it is important to note that the simplest, cheapest, and the most important method in early diagnosis of breast cancer is breast examination of patients by themselves and, also, by physicians. Paying attention to this matter is very helpful in screening and early diagnosis of breast cancer
Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study , pre/post health education data gathering concerning 140 female teachers in Yazd intermediate schools was performed through questionnaires. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS statistical software and McNemar statistical test at significant level P≤0.05
Results: This study showed that B.S.E training was effective on knowledge, attitude, and practice of the subjects. In all the features, the difference was significant at the level P<0.001. No statistically significant relationship was observed between demographical factors (age, education, and work experience) and health training effect on the subjects' knowledge, attitude, and practice. It was found that before training 62.86% of the women did not perform B.S.E due to lack of familiarity with correct methods; but, after training this decreased to 33.57% (P=0.000).
Conclusion: Generally speaking, it is important to note that the simplest, cheapest, and the most important method in early diagnosis of breast cancer is breast examination of patients by themselves and, also, by physicians. Paying attention to this matter is very helpful in screening and early diagnosis of breast cancer
I. Zareban, M. Abbaszadeh, M. Moodi, H. Mehrjoo Fard, Hr. Ghaffari,
Volume 13, Issue 1 (3-2006)
Volume 13, Issue 1 (3-2006)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Pediculus Humanus Capitis has crucial role in transferring different diseases. Social hygiene and personal hygiene have particular role in prevention of this infection. The present study was aimed at planning and evaluating a hygiene- education program to reduce the extent of infection to Pediculus Humanus Capitis among female elementary students in Zabol during 2003.
Materials and Methods: The present study is a quasi- experimental one in which we had case and control subjects. Means of gathering data were questionnaires, recording files of overt behavior or check-lists, and screening to verify the existence of nymphs and adult pediculi. After determining the extent of infection to Pediculus Capitis among female elementary students in Zabol and holding pre-test on the basis of the obtained data, a hygiene program together with educational content was planned. Then, 175 fifth grade students infected with Pediculus Capitis were randomly divided into case – control groups. In the case group (87 students and their mothers) educational intervention was done. After 1.5 months post-test was carried
out. The obtained data was analysed through SPSS statistical soft-ware by statistical paired t-test, and Chi-Square.
Results: Among 1066 female elementary students under study, 313 cases (29.4%) were infected with Pediculus Capitis. After educational intervention the extent of infection in the case decreased to 17.6% but it did not change in the control. Besides, the statistical paired-t-test revealed a significant difference regarding the effect of hygiene educational program on knowledge, attitude, and hygienic behavior of the students and their mothers in the case group (P<0.001) but in the control group this difference was not significant. The statistical χ2 test showed that there was a significant relationship between infection to Pediculus Capitis and variables such as parents' level of education, school level, number of washing during the week, having a bath at home, monthly income, family population, and using shared articles- e.g veil, scarf, comb, and towel- (P<0.02, χ2= 84.8).
Conclusion: The obtained results showed that the hygiene educational program had a positive effect on the decrease of infection to Pediculus Capitis among the studied subjects.
Materials and Methods: The present study is a quasi- experimental one in which we had case and control subjects. Means of gathering data were questionnaires, recording files of overt behavior or check-lists, and screening to verify the existence of nymphs and adult pediculi. After determining the extent of infection to Pediculus Capitis among female elementary students in Zabol and holding pre-test on the basis of the obtained data, a hygiene program together with educational content was planned. Then, 175 fifth grade students infected with Pediculus Capitis were randomly divided into case – control groups. In the case group (87 students and their mothers) educational intervention was done. After 1.5 months post-test was carried
out. The obtained data was analysed through SPSS statistical soft-ware by statistical paired t-test, and Chi-Square.
Results: Among 1066 female elementary students under study, 313 cases (29.4%) were infected with Pediculus Capitis. After educational intervention the extent of infection in the case decreased to 17.6% but it did not change in the control. Besides, the statistical paired-t-test revealed a significant difference regarding the effect of hygiene educational program on knowledge, attitude, and hygienic behavior of the students and their mothers in the case group (P<0.001) but in the control group this difference was not significant. The statistical χ2 test showed that there was a significant relationship between infection to Pediculus Capitis and variables such as parents' level of education, school level, number of washing during the week, having a bath at home, monthly income, family population, and using shared articles- e.g veil, scarf, comb, and towel- (P<0.02, χ2= 84.8).
Conclusion: The obtained results showed that the hygiene educational program had a positive effect on the decrease of infection to Pediculus Capitis among the studied subjects.
B. Hasan Pour Azghadi, Z. Abbasi,
Volume 13, Issue 2 (7-2006)
Volume 13, Issue 2 (7-2006)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Menopause is not avoidable and will occur in every woman's life. Understanding its risk factors and their prevention is necessary for every woman. This important measure will be possible through health care education and the first step in every education is knowledge and analysis of subjects' awareness and attitude. The purpose of this research was to find out the effect of education on middle-aged women’s knowledge and attitude towards menopause.
Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 90 women aged between 40 and 60 years were randomly selected based on purposive sampling. Then, the effect of education on their knowledge and attitude was evaluated. Before implementing the education program, primary information about women’s Knowledge and attitude was collected through questionnaires. After study the obtained data and need- assessment of the subjects, an appropriate education program was planned. Then, in two one-hour sessions individual face to face education was offered to all subjects. Three months later, information was collected through the original questionnaires again. Student-t, one-way variance analysis, and paired t tests were used for data analysis.
Results: The results of this research showed that post-education mean knowledge was significantly different from that of pre-education (P=0.000). Before education, 43.3% of the subjects had poor knowledge, 42.3% had moderate and only 14.4% had good knowledge. However, after education none of the women had poor knowledge, 31.1% had moderate and 68.9% had good knowledge. Attitude also significantly varied after education (P=0.000). Before education, 10% of women had negative attitude, 66.7% had neutral attitude, and 23.3% had positive attitude towards menopause however, none of the women had negative attitude after the education, 53.3% of the subjects had a neutral, and 46.7% had a positive attitude.
Conclusions: The study showed that the reasonable way to increase people's knowledge is based on health education. Through such education, it is possible to equip individuals with enough knowledge to take care of their health.
Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 90 women aged between 40 and 60 years were randomly selected based on purposive sampling. Then, the effect of education on their knowledge and attitude was evaluated. Before implementing the education program, primary information about women’s Knowledge and attitude was collected through questionnaires. After study the obtained data and need- assessment of the subjects, an appropriate education program was planned. Then, in two one-hour sessions individual face to face education was offered to all subjects. Three months later, information was collected through the original questionnaires again. Student-t, one-way variance analysis, and paired t tests were used for data analysis.
Results: The results of this research showed that post-education mean knowledge was significantly different from that of pre-education (P=0.000). Before education, 43.3% of the subjects had poor knowledge, 42.3% had moderate and only 14.4% had good knowledge. However, after education none of the women had poor knowledge, 31.1% had moderate and 68.9% had good knowledge. Attitude also significantly varied after education (P=0.000). Before education, 10% of women had negative attitude, 66.7% had neutral attitude, and 23.3% had positive attitude towards menopause however, none of the women had negative attitude after the education, 53.3% of the subjects had a neutral, and 46.7% had a positive attitude.
Conclusions: The study showed that the reasonable way to increase people's knowledge is based on health education. Through such education, it is possible to equip individuals with enough knowledge to take care of their health.
A. Fesharakinia, Ghr. Sharifzadeh,
Volume 13, Issue 3 (10-2006)
Volume 13, Issue 3 (10-2006)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Iron deficiency anemia is the commonest hematological disease and nutritional deficiency in children therefore, in many countries-including Iran, as well -long term programs for the prevention of it have been carried out. This study was done in Birjand in 2005 to evaluate mothers' performance regarding iron- drop taking by their children and to identify effective factors involved.
Material and Methods: This cross- sectional study was undertaken during the spring of 2005 on mothers with 24- 30 month old children who were under the supervision of 9 urban hygiene- health centers in Birjand. 292 mothers were chosen through multi- staging cluster sampling and their performance regarding suitable age to start and to stop iron- drop taking and the proper way to use it was evaluated. Moreover, the effect of some factors on mothers' performance was studied through questionnaires and live interviews. The obtained data was statistically analysed at the significant level of P<0.05 by means of SPSS software and chi-square statistical test.
Results: Almost all (97.6%) mothers had begun giving iron- drop at suitable age (4-6 month old), 23.3% of them discontinued it before suitable age (24 month old). The most common cause for the interruption (45.6%) was gastrointestinal (GI) complications (vomiting and diarrhea). In regard to essential care during the period of using iron-drop the performance of 28. 8% of mothers was good, 58.6% moderate, and 12.7% was weak. There was a significant correlation between mothers' performance and their level of education (P=0.01). But there was not a significant relationship between mothers' instruction in health centers, gravidity, newborn's sex, mother’s age, and her occupational status.
Conclusion: Raising the level of mothers' education in the region, by holding special classes for mothers with low level of literacy and a review of educational programs of the health centers are recommended.
Material and Methods: This cross- sectional study was undertaken during the spring of 2005 on mothers with 24- 30 month old children who were under the supervision of 9 urban hygiene- health centers in Birjand. 292 mothers were chosen through multi- staging cluster sampling and their performance regarding suitable age to start and to stop iron- drop taking and the proper way to use it was evaluated. Moreover, the effect of some factors on mothers' performance was studied through questionnaires and live interviews. The obtained data was statistically analysed at the significant level of P<0.05 by means of SPSS software and chi-square statistical test.
Results: Almost all (97.6%) mothers had begun giving iron- drop at suitable age (4-6 month old), 23.3% of them discontinued it before suitable age (24 month old). The most common cause for the interruption (45.6%) was gastrointestinal (GI) complications (vomiting and diarrhea). In regard to essential care during the period of using iron-drop the performance of 28. 8% of mothers was good, 58.6% moderate, and 12.7% was weak. There was a significant correlation between mothers' performance and their level of education (P=0.01). But there was not a significant relationship between mothers' instruction in health centers, gravidity, newborn's sex, mother’s age, and her occupational status.
Conclusion: Raising the level of mothers' education in the region, by holding special classes for mothers with low level of literacy and a review of educational programs of the health centers are recommended.
M. Moodi, N. Zamanipour, Gh. Sharifzadeh, M. Akbari-Bourang, S. Salehi,
Volume 13, Issue 4 (12-2006)
Volume 13, Issue 4 (12-2006)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Puberty is one of the most critical period in a female adolescents' life. During this period, in addition to consideration of the girls' social problem and relationships, it is necessary to pay close attention to the health problems of puberty and get them aquainted with puberty health necessities. This intervening study aimed at evaluating the effect of educational program for puberty health on improving intermediate and high school female students' knowledge in Birjand.
Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 325 female intermediate and high school students were selected through randomized cluster sampling during several stages. Then, a self-set questionnaire including 20 questions, each having one point regarding puberty health, was distributed among them. After being filled out, the questionnaires were gathered. Following this, under a systemic educational plan all intermediate and high school selected students were given the same instruction by trained instructors. Instruction time for each meeting was estimated 1.5 hours. One month after the educational program and handing out the pamphlets in schools, the previous questionnaires were again distributed among the students to fill out, then, they were gathered. Those students who, for whatever reason, had avoided to fill out the questionnaires were omitted from study. At the end, 302 students who had filled out the questionnaires before and after intervention were studied. The obtained data were analysed by statistical paired Student t-test at significant level of P0.05.
Results: Out of 302 students, 151 were intermediate and 151 high school students. Knowledge level among intermediate students was estimated 5.033.7 before intervention and 10.84.8 after intervention. Among high school students, the scores were 4.12.3 and 8.73.8, respectively. There was a significant difference between pre-intervention stage and post-intervention stage in both groups (P<0.001). Also, mean knowledge grade in all the students under study increased from 4.63.1 before intervention to 9.74.4 after intervention (P<0.001).
Conclusion: Performing educational programs during puberty has a crucial role in young girls' knowledge increase. Since young girls often do not share their problems with their parents and their peers during the period, instructional classes in schools provide a good oppotunity for them to present their problems and finding solutions.
Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 325 female intermediate and high school students were selected through randomized cluster sampling during several stages. Then, a self-set questionnaire including 20 questions, each having one point regarding puberty health, was distributed among them. After being filled out, the questionnaires were gathered. Following this, under a systemic educational plan all intermediate and high school selected students were given the same instruction by trained instructors. Instruction time for each meeting was estimated 1.5 hours. One month after the educational program and handing out the pamphlets in schools, the previous questionnaires were again distributed among the students to fill out, then, they were gathered. Those students who, for whatever reason, had avoided to fill out the questionnaires were omitted from study. At the end, 302 students who had filled out the questionnaires before and after intervention were studied. The obtained data were analysed by statistical paired Student t-test at significant level of P0.05.
Results: Out of 302 students, 151 were intermediate and 151 high school students. Knowledge level among intermediate students was estimated 5.033.7 before intervention and 10.84.8 after intervention. Among high school students, the scores were 4.12.3 and 8.73.8, respectively. There was a significant difference between pre-intervention stage and post-intervention stage in both groups (P<0.001). Also, mean knowledge grade in all the students under study increased from 4.63.1 before intervention to 9.74.4 after intervention (P<0.001).
Conclusion: Performing educational programs during puberty has a crucial role in young girls' knowledge increase. Since young girls often do not share their problems with their parents and their peers during the period, instructional classes in schools provide a good oppotunity for them to present their problems and finding solutions.
Mr. Shidfar, M. Hosseini, D. Shojaei Zadeh, N. Asasi, F. Majlesi, S. Nazemi,
Volume 14, Issue 1 (3-2007)
Volume 14, Issue 1 (3-2007)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Unstable angina (UA) patients are the majority of hospitalized patients in CCU exposed to high probability of recurrence. Most often re-hospitalization of these patients is due to lack of enough information and not obeying medical advice. The main objective of this study was to determine the impact of an educational intervention based on Health Belief Model on knowledge and attitudes of unstable angina patients in Mashhad university hospitals. Materials and Methods: An interventional study was conducted on 180 patients with unstable angina, consisting of 90 cases and 90 controls, who were hospitalized in the Heart Wards of two university hospitals in Mashhad. Randomly, the patients of one of these hospitals were selected as the case (intervention) and those in the second as control group (90 patients each). Professional physicians and nurses instructed the patients in the intervention group before and after discharge for two months. Data were obtained through a questionnaire before and after intervention in both groups. Then, the data were analyzed by SPSS (11.5) & STATA (8.0) software’s, using chi-square and ANCOVA tests. In all statistical analyses α=0.05 was taken as the significant level.
Results: The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) showed that, compared with the subjects’ pre-intervention knowledge status score, there was a significant increase in the score of the intervention group (P<0.0001). The intervention resulted in improving the attitude status in the group (P<0.0001). But there was no significant increase in these variables in the control group.
Conclusion: It is possible to use nurses' capacities in improving heart patients' knowledge and attitudes. Thus, it is necessary that instructional service by nurses be offered under a well-planned program in order to improve the quality of life of heart patients.
Results: The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) showed that, compared with the subjects’ pre-intervention knowledge status score, there was a significant increase in the score of the intervention group (P<0.0001). The intervention resulted in improving the attitude status in the group (P<0.0001). But there was no significant increase in these variables in the control group.
Conclusion: It is possible to use nurses' capacities in improving heart patients' knowledge and attitudes. Thus, it is necessary that instructional service by nurses be offered under a well-planned program in order to improve the quality of life of heart patients.
S. Shabbidar, B. Fathi,
Volume 14, Issue 1 (3-2007)
Volume 14, Issue 1 (3-2007)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Diabetes Melitus is one of the most common metabolic complications that is rapidly growing. Thus, a proper preventive measure is necessary to control the disease. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of nutrition education on knowledge and attitudes of type 2 diabetic patients.
Materials and Methods: This prospective study was conducted in Rasht Razi Hospital on 135 randomly selected individuals with type 2 diabetes, aged between 35-70 years diagnosed with type 2 diabetes after 35 years of age. Intervention consisted of 64 contact hours during several months. The intervention involved 3 months of weekly instructional sessions on nutrition, self monitoring of blood glucose, exercise and other self-care topics, in addition to 3 months of biweekly support sessions to promote behavior changes. At the end, dietary behaviors, knowledge, attitudes and fat intake of the cases were analyzed. To do so, the differences between the cases' behaviors before and after intervention were evaluated by means of statistical tests of ANOVA and student-t tests at the significant level of P≤0.05.
Results: Significant reduction was seen in fat intake among the cases compared with those in the control group. This reduction was maintained during 3-months of follow up assessment. Likewise, significant changes in dietary patterns, which were also maintained after the study, were reported. These changes were not observed in dietary pattern replacement.
Conclusions: This model of health promotion seems to have the potential for decreasing fat and improving dietary patterns in type 2 diabetic patients.
Materials and Methods: This prospective study was conducted in Rasht Razi Hospital on 135 randomly selected individuals with type 2 diabetes, aged between 35-70 years diagnosed with type 2 diabetes after 35 years of age. Intervention consisted of 64 contact hours during several months. The intervention involved 3 months of weekly instructional sessions on nutrition, self monitoring of blood glucose, exercise and other self-care topics, in addition to 3 months of biweekly support sessions to promote behavior changes. At the end, dietary behaviors, knowledge, attitudes and fat intake of the cases were analyzed. To do so, the differences between the cases' behaviors before and after intervention were evaluated by means of statistical tests of ANOVA and student-t tests at the significant level of P≤0.05.
Results: Significant reduction was seen in fat intake among the cases compared with those in the control group. This reduction was maintained during 3-months of follow up assessment. Likewise, significant changes in dietary patterns, which were also maintained after the study, were reported. These changes were not observed in dietary pattern replacement.
Conclusions: This model of health promotion seems to have the potential for decreasing fat and improving dietary patterns in type 2 diabetic patients.
A.a Ramazani, M.r Miri, F Shayegan,
Volume 14, Issue 4 (12-2007)
Volume 14, Issue 4 (12-2007)
Abstract
Background and Aim: The main goal of health coordinating volunteers' program is the promotion of their knowledge and skills through an active and favorable instructional system .Holding different training courses on healthy life styles covering nutrition, mobility, stress management, and life skills seem necessary for health coordinating volunteers so that they could learn health life skills, and appropriately transfer to the community. The present study was designed and carried out to determine the effect of health education on the promotion of health coordinating volunteers' knowledge level concerning healthy life styles.
Materials and Methods : In a quasi-experimental study, 112 health coordinating volunteers who collaborated with the Health center of Birjand University of Medical Sciences were assessed. They then attended training courses concerning nutrition, food-stuffs safety, mobility, stress management, and living skills. Pre-designed questionnaires were used to compare and evaluate pre- test and post-knowledge of health coordinating volunteers. Finally, the obtained data was analyzed by means of SPSS software using, paired t-test and Tukey test at P=0.05 as the significant level.
Results: Mean knowledge score of health coordinating volunteers revealed that their pre-intervention knowledge of 21.01 increased to 27.88 after intervention. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.01).
Conclusion: Comparison between mean knowledge score of health coordinating volunteers before and after intervention showed that continuous instruction of health coordinating volunteers would be effective and thus holding regular training courses for them are essential. Besides, instruction provided by more educated health coordinating volunteers in the community has higher effectiveness on those with a lower level of education. Thus, selecting health volunteers out of educated individuals could be more useful in promoting the community health level.
Ss Mazloomy Mahmoodabad, A Mehri, Dr M Morovati Sharifabad, Dr H Fallahzadeh,
Volume 14, Issue 4 (12-2007)
Volume 14, Issue 4 (12-2007)
Abstract
Background and Aim : In Iran about 24% of mortalities due to traffic accidents are brought about by motorcyclists . head injury is accounted as the main cause of this (65.7%-75%) fatality. Although helmet wearing can significantly decrease the risk of head injury , few motorcyclists make use of it. Planned Behavior Model is one of the important models which explains the major mechanism for accepting health behaivors.In the present study the Extended Model of Planned Behavior was applied in predicting helmet wearing among motorcyclist clerks in Yazd. .
Materials and Methods: In this descriptive_analytical and cross-sectional study130 motorcyclist clerks from six offices in Yazd selected through clustered random sampling were surveyed. Questionnaires which were filled out during individual interviews were used for data collection . A panel of experts approved the validity of the questionnaire and its reliability was verified by means of Cronbach Alpha test ( a =0.71-0.95). The obtained data was analyzed by SPSS (11.5) using Spearman Coefficient and Regression Analysis.
Results : Fifty-six subjects (43.1%) reported a history of motorcycle accident only six cases of them had worn helmets at the time of the accident .According to the results ,there was a significant correlation between all the the variables of Extended Model of planned behavior and wearing/ intention to wear helmet (P<0.01). Regression analysis indicated that attitude, Perceived behavior control and being aware of wearing helmet by other motorcyclists accounted for 59% of vairance of intention to wear helmet among the subjects. Among the variables,the effect of perceived behavior control was the strongest predictor.Besides, perceived behavior control together with intention to use helmet on the part of other motorcyclists accoutned for 49% of variance on Helmet wearing among subjects(P<0.05).
Conclusion: The results indicated a low level of helmet wearing among the subjects. Regarding the high prevalence of mortality due to head injury among motorcyclists, making more use of helmets should be recommended and promoted. Extended Model of planned behavior could be used as a theoretical framework in the instructional programms in order to predict the intention and wearing of helmets by motorcyclists.
Moosa Salehi, Seyyed Hamidreza Tabatabaei, Abbasali Ramezani, Atefeh Asgharian, Motahareh Heidari,
Volume 15, Issue 1 (3-2008)
Volume 15, Issue 1 (3-2008)
Abstract
Back ground and Aim: According to the UNICEF’s Conceptual Model the behavior of those who somehow play a role in taking care of children significantly influences children’s growth as a feedback. Anthropometrical indices such as weight and height for age Z (HAZ and WAZ) are extensively utilized to determine malnutrition and growth rate.
Materials and Methods: In a quasi experimental study, three girls’ junior high schools -randomly selected from the fourth educational district in Shiraz- were assessed with regard to heights, weights, and age utilizing EPI software. After HAZ and WAZ were measured, girls whose HAZ and WAZ were less than (-1) were included in the study. Mothers of these girls were invited to participate in a weekly training program on health, nutrition, and exercise/activity at school. Five months after the beginning of the program, the subjects were weighed, their height re-recorded, and HAZ and WAZ were re-measured. Girls of three similar schools from Educational District No 3(which was economically similar to No 4) were selected as the control group (CG), but mothers of these girls were not trained during this time, and all the relevant indexes were measured both at the beginning and at the end of the period of five months. Finally, the obtained data was analysed by means of linear trend in ratios, statistical paired-t, and independent t at the significant level of P≤0.05.
Results: Significant growth (P=0.038) of WAZ, but an insignificant result regarding HAZ (P=0.34) were observed such changes were not significant among the CG. Transferring the girls under study from the area with severe/ moderate malnutrition to the area having slight malnutrition was proved to be significant during the period (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Educating parents about health and nutrition resulted in the expected growth indices among 25% of the girls and improvement of growth among all girls suffering from severe malnutrition.
Moosa Sajjadi, Hadi Kooshyar, Saed Vaghei, Dr Habibollah Esmaeli,
Volume 15, Issue 1 (3-2008)
Volume 15, Issue 1 (3-2008)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Depression is the most common and important psychological disorder among End-Stage Renal Failure cases especially those undergoing hemodialysis so that, it can have negative effects on the quality of life, treatment acceptance and process of illness. Regarding that patients’ participation in self-care activities can help them in their independence and compatibility with their illness and improving of their quality of life (QOL) in all aspects., Therefore, this study was done aiming at determining the effect of self-care education on depression in patients undergoing hemodialysis”.
Materials and Methods: This study was a randomized controlled trial, which was accomplished in the hemodialysis ward of Imam Reza and Hefdeh-e- shahrivar hospitals in Mashhad in 2006. Sixty samples were selected from patients undergoing hemodialysis through convenience and purposeful method and then divided into two (case and control) groups randomly. After need assessment of the patients about self-care, case group education was accomplished by utilizing an educational booklet and holding two sessions (average length of each 45 minutes) with a lapse of one week between them. Depression in both groups before and one month after intervention was measured by CES-D questionnaire. The obtained data was analyzed by statistical tests, paired-T, independent T, x2, Fisher, Mann-Whitney, and general linear model using SPSS software (11.5) and P £ 0.05 was taken as the significant level.
Results: Mean age of the patients was 42.3±12.1 years. 62.5% were males, 78.6% were unemployed, 76.8% married, 42.9% were underpaid, and 33.9% had elementary education. There was not a significant difference between the two groups in these variables. Mean depression score before education (23.7±7.1) and after education (17.2±6.7) showed a significant decrease in the case group (P<0.001). Comparison of mean depression between the case (17.2±6.7) and control group (21.8±6) after the study revealed a significant difference, (P=0.01) while there was no significant difference between them before the research (P=0.40). Mean depression rate in the control group before the study (22.2±5.4) and after the study (21.8±6/0) did not show a significant difference (P=0.51).
Conclusion : In order to have constant and efficient participation in self-care activities of, patients undergoing hemolysis, they need to receive continuous education regarding self-care and adaptation to disease, so that various physical and mental problems they are facing would be decreased.
Kokab Namakin, Gholamreza Sharifzadeh, Mohamadreza Miri,
Volume 15, Issue 1 (3-2008)
Volume 15, Issue 1 (3-2008)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Smoking tobacco products is one of the most important risk factors of noninfectious diseases, especially cardiovascular and cancers. This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of smoking tobacco products and evaluate knowledge and attitude of high school male students about smoking.
Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was done on Birjand high school male students selected through cluster multi- stage sampling in 2006. A questionnaire which included demographic information and questions about attitude (12), knowledge (17) and practice (4) concerning smoking. The obtained data was statistically analyzed by SPSS software using chi- square test at the significant level (α<0.05).
Results: Overall, 1233 cases were studied out of which 3.9% were smokers and 21.3% had experienced cigarette smoking. There was a positive correlation of parents' level of education with prevalence of cigarette smoking and smoking experience. Prevalence of smoking in students whose mothers were employees was more than those with housewife mothers. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). Besides, prevalence of smoking was in accord with education level. The most important cause of proneness to smoking was curiosity. 25.5% of the students had very little knowledge about the harms of smoking, 54.7% had moderate knowledge, and 19.8% had favorable knowledge. Attitude regarding the harms of smoking was weak in 5.1%, moderate in 48.3%, and good in 46.6%.
Conclusion: Although prevalence of smoking was low compared to other areas of the country, experiencing of smoking was high. Since knowledge and attitude of the students concerning smoking hazards was not satisfactory, implementing educational programmes and social interventions at high school level seems necessary in order to prevent smoking.
H. Madani, H. Navipour, P. Roozbayani, N. Mousavinasab,
Volume 15, Issue 2 (6-2008)
Volume 15, Issue 2 (6-2008)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and incurable disease of central nervous system (CNS), which causes a lot of complications and problems for patients and leads to their life dependency and disability. Thus, it is necessary to utilize appropriate methods and interventions in order to reduce these problems in MS patients. The purpose of this research, which was done in the Iranian MS Society, was to find out the effects of a self- care education program on complications of MS patients. Materials and Methods: In this quasi – experimental study, 34 patients with MS were selected based on purposive and accessible sampling method. Before implementing the education program, primary information (demographic data and complications resulting from MS) were collected through demographic and health- problem index questionnaires. After studying the obtained data and identifying the complications resulted and the necessary care program instructional classes were held for seven sessions to acquaint MS patients with causes, diagnostic methods, treatment, and self-care programs as regards its complications. Then, self-care programme was followed by patients for one month and researchers, too, checked the subjects through reportorial revision checklists. Again, health-problem index questionnaires were filled out by the same subjects after one month. Pre/Post intervention data were analysed by means of SPSS software, descriptive statistical methods, including Student paired-t, and Wilcoxon tests at the significant level P<0.05. Results: There was a highly significant (P=0.0001) difference between the rate of complications before and after the self-care education programme the mean score increased from “3” to “26.76” before and after education, respectively. .Moreover, before the intervention 26.5 % of the subjects had muscular seizure, 55.9% fatigue, 44.1% constipation, and 23.5% suffered from amnesia. But after one month, these percentages changed to 5.9%, 14.7%, 11.8%, and 14.7% respectively (P<0.05). Conclusion: Self-care education increases patients’ taking self- care and reduces some of the complications of MS. Therefore, it is recommend that self- care education programs should be used to decrease these complications.
: Nutritional knowledge attitude and practice of health professionals about cardiovascular diseases.
F. Sajjadi, N. Mohammadifard, A. Khosravi, A. Bahonar, M. Maghroon, M. Fathi, H. Alikhasi,
Volume 15, Issue 2 (6-2008)
Volume 15, Issue 2 (6-2008)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Non-communicable diseases especially cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a major health problem in all communities. Moreover, the best preventive measure concerning such diseases is the improvement of lifestyles in which proper nutrition has an important role. Thus, health-care providers have an important role in teaching proper nutrition to the community. The aim of present study was to determine nutritional knowledge, attitude and practice of health-care providers about CVD prevention. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional and descriptive study, 1421 health professionals including physicians, adepts, health technicians, health workers, and health volunteers were chosen. Nutritional knowledge, attitude and practice of the subjects were determined by means of a questionnaire. Food consumption frequency of these health professionals was determined by using a food frequency questionnaire and their respective mean weekly frequency of food consumption was analyzed by means of one-way ANOVA and P≤0.05 was taken as the significant level. Frequency of correct nutritional practice in health professionals was calculated through Chi-Square test. Results: Mean percent of knowledge and attitude scores of health professional were 43±17.7 and 59.3±31.2 respectively. Physicians’ knowledge, attitude, and practice was significantly more than those of other professionals (P<0.05). Physicians had better nutrition practice compared with other health professionals (P<0.05). Conclusion: High knowledge, attitude, and correct practice of most physicians in comparison with other groups is related to their higher education and their better economical and social status. Other health professionals’ practice to inform people about some of basic food stuffs is not enough. Then, with regard to the preventive role of nutrition in CVD, more education of the health staff is necessary.
M. Moodi, Ghr. Sharifzadeh,
Volume 15, Issue 3 (10-2008)
Volume 15, Issue 3 (10-2008)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Marriage and establishing a family is one of the most important events of everyone's life which has significant effects on personal and social health if it occurs appropriately and is intertwined with enough knowledge. To reach these positive effects, pre-marriage consultation is taken into consideration and it is accurately planned. Under such an instructional program, couples are familiarized with fertility health problems and this promotes their health level significantly. This study aimed at determining the effect of pre-marriage consultation classes. Materials and Methods: This pre-post quasi-experimental study was done on 250 couples attending pre-marriage instruction classes. Means for data collection was an autonomous questionnaire which had been designed according to the aims of the study and its reliability and validity had been confirmed. The questionnaire consisted of three sections namely demographic questions, knowledge questions (27 cases), and attitude questions (18 cases). The questionnaire was filled out in two stages i.e. before and after pre-marriage consultation program which was presented in lectures. Then, the effect of such an instruction was analyzed by means of statistical paired T-test, one-way variance analysis, and Chi-square. Results: Mean age of the couples under study was 22.4±4 years. According to the results of the study, 83.2% of the couples had weak knowledge, 16% average knowledge, and 0.8% had good knowledge before intervention. After instructional intervention the knowledge of 60.4% was weak, 31.6% had average knowledge and 8% benefited good knowledge thus, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). Moreover, mean knowledge was 8.7±4.8 before intervention but it reached 12.4±5 after intervention (P<0.001). Mean attitude increased from 42.6±4.9 (before intervention) to 47.5±4.3 after invention (P<0.001). The study also showed that the difference in mean knowledge and attitude before and after intervention regarding fertility, family planning, genetic diseases, and disabilities was statistically significant (P<0.001). Conclusion: Although mean knowledge and attitude of the couples under study increased after instruction the increase was not so high in knowledge (only 4.3%) and after intervention only 8% of the couples gained acceptable knowledge. Thus, in order to develop a relatively stable behavior in young couples it is recommended that the quality of the instructional classes would be overemphasized.
T. Dehdari, A.r. Heidarnia, A. Ramezankhani, S. Sadeghian, F. Ghofranipour, S. Etemad,
Volume 15, Issue 4 (12-2008)
Volume 15, Issue 4 (12-2008)
Abstract
Abstract: Quality of life remains low for many patients after coronary heart surgery. The purpose of this study was to design and evaluate an educational program in the improvement of life quality in patients after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Materials and methods: In this experimental clinical-trial 110 patients were randomly devided into case and control groups six weeks after coronary artery bypass surgery. Planning of the educational programme was done according to PRECEDE-PROCEED Model. Before implementing the programme, life-quality questionnaires (Sf-36), self-designed questionnaires, and standard questionnaires-according to PRECEDE-PROCEED model- were filled out for both groups. The experimental group received the educational intervention, and the control group received only routine cardiac rehabilitation care. Both group members were followed up immediately and 4 weeks after intervention and the previous questionnaires were filled out for them again. Finally the obtained data was statistically analysed by means of SPSS using Chi-Square, t-test, and variance analysis test at the significant level P≤0.05. Results: Significant improvement was found in the following components of life quality in the cases after their participation in the educational program compared to the controls: physical functioning (P<0.001), physical role (P<0.05), bodily pain (P<0.01), general health (P<0.01), vitality (P<0.01), social functioning (P<0.05), mental role (P<0.01), and mental health (P<0.01). Conclusion: The findings suggest beneficial effects of educational intervention based on the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model on improving quality of life in patients after CABG.
F. Sadeghnezhad, Sh. Niknami, M. Ghaffari,
Volume 15, Issue 4 (12-2008)
Volume 15, Issue 4 (12-2008)
Abstract
Background and Aim: Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women, because one out of every seven women is prone to develop breast cancer. Early diagnosis of the disease has an effective role in its treatment. One of the screening methods is Breast Self-Examination (BSE). If this simple method is taught to women, they can diagnose malignant tumors in their breasts in 90 percent of cases and receive due treatment. This study was done to investigate the effects of various educational methods on knowledge, attitude, and practice of women regarding BSE and compare these effects. Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study 90 ladies over 40 years referring to Tehran Shahid Kalantari clinic were divided into three equal groups. One group (30 women) was taken as the control group and the other two as the cases. The following educational methods were applied to the two case groups respectively: A group discussion method, B. eclectic method (i.e. films, lectures, face-to-face-instruction, etc.). Data collection tools were a questionnaire consisting of demographic queries, KAP (knowledge, attitude, and practice) questions and a check-list for visible BSE performing on the part of the cases. The obtained data was analysed by means of the statistical software of SPSS, using parametrical statistical tests (i.e. one-way variance analysis, paired-t) and non-parametrical tests (W., C., and 2) and P≤0.05 was taken as the significant level. Results: This research indicated that education by means of both methods raises the level of knowledge, attitude and practice in ladies regarding BSE (P<0.0001). Besides analysis of variances showed that KAP level had a significant difference compared with that of the control group (P<0.0001) .Correlation test showed no significant difference between demographic characteristics on one side and level of KAP on the other. Conclusion: Considering the findings about the effect of instruction on KAP of women with respect to BSE, using any of available facilities such as individual or group education as well as audio- visual methods in health care centers would be advantageous.
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