Volume 28, Issue 3 (October 2021)
Journal of Scientific Research in Medical Sciences. 2021, 28(3): 248-259 |
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Research code: IR-BUMS. REC. 1398. 546-
Ethics code: IR-BUMS. REC. 1398. 546-
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Dehghani K, Mogharnasi M, Saghebjoo M, Malekaneh M, Sarir H. Effect of Spirulina platensis green-blue algae consumption, and circuit resistance training (CRT) on lipid profile in overweight and obese middle-aged men. Journals of Birjand University of Medical Sciences 2021; 28 (3) :248-259
URL: http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-3012-en.html
URL: http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-3012-en.html
1- Department of Exercise Physiology (Biochemistry and Metabolism), Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran , mogharnasi@birjand.ac.ir
2- Department of Exercise Physiology (Biochemistry and Metabolism), Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
3- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
4- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
2- Department of Exercise Physiology (Biochemistry and Metabolism), Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
3- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
4- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
Keywords: Alanine aminotransferase, Aspartate aminotransferase, Circuit resistance training, Overweight and obesity, Spirulina
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Background and Aims: Researchers have recently considered the impact of herbal supplements combined with exercise on weight control. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Spirulina platensis green-blue algae consumption, and circuit resistance training (CRT) on lipid profile in overweight and obese middle-aged men.
Materials and Methods: This was a single-blind, quasi-experimental, and applied study. The study population included 60 overweight and obese men in the age range of 30-55 years with a body mass index of more than 25 (kg/m2). The participants were purposefully selected and randomly divided into four groups of training plus spirulina (N=15); training plus placebo; spirulina; and Placebo. The intervention and placebo groups took two 500 mg spirulina capsules, and placebo capsules daily for eight weeks, respectively. The CRT was performed for eight weeks and three sessions per week based on a flexible timing pattern, with the observation of the principle of overload with rest intervals between stations and sets.
Results: There was a significant difference between the study groups in terms of the levels of triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) of the participants (P<0.05). Moreover, in the intra-group investigation, there was a significant reduction in the values of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglyceride (TG), in the groups of training plus spirulina and training plus placebo, cholesterol (TC), and (Aspartate aminotransferase) AST in the groups of training plus spirulina had a significant decrease, Moreover, a significant increase was observed in the levels of HDL and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the group of training plus spirulina.
Conclusion: It seems that the consumption of Spirulina platensis green-blue algae combined with CRT can be effective in controlling weight and obesity and preventing obesity-related diseases through the improvement of some indices of metabolic profile and body composition.
Materials and Methods: This was a single-blind, quasi-experimental, and applied study. The study population included 60 overweight and obese men in the age range of 30-55 years with a body mass index of more than 25 (kg/m2). The participants were purposefully selected and randomly divided into four groups of training plus spirulina (N=15); training plus placebo; spirulina; and Placebo. The intervention and placebo groups took two 500 mg spirulina capsules, and placebo capsules daily for eight weeks, respectively. The CRT was performed for eight weeks and three sessions per week based on a flexible timing pattern, with the observation of the principle of overload with rest intervals between stations and sets.
Results: There was a significant difference between the study groups in terms of the levels of triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) of the participants (P<0.05). Moreover, in the intra-group investigation, there was a significant reduction in the values of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglyceride (TG), in the groups of training plus spirulina and training plus placebo, cholesterol (TC), and (Aspartate aminotransferase) AST in the groups of training plus spirulina had a significant decrease, Moreover, a significant increase was observed in the levels of HDL and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the group of training plus spirulina.
Conclusion: It seems that the consumption of Spirulina platensis green-blue algae combined with CRT can be effective in controlling weight and obesity and preventing obesity-related diseases through the improvement of some indices of metabolic profile and body composition.
منابع:
1- Monteiro AG, Aoki MS, Evangelista AL, Alveno DA, Monteiro GA, Picarro IDC, et al. Nonlinear periodization maximizes strength gains in split resistance training routines, J Strength Cond Res.2009; 23(2): 1321-1326. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181a00f96.
2- Galic S, Oakhill JS, Steinberg GR. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2010; 316(2): 129-39. DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.08.018
3- Mogharnasi M, Eslami R, Behnam B. Effects of endurance and resistance training on lipid profiles, heart rate and Hematological parameters in obese male students. Annals of Applied Sport Science.2014; 2(4): 11-22. [Persian]. DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.aassjournal.2.4.11.
4- Jahantigh A, Delavar R, Mogharnasi M. The Effect of Eight Weeks of Combined Training And Garlic Supplementation On Adiponectin And Lipid Changes Among Inactive Boys. Armaghane-danesh. 2017; 22 (1): 18-31. [Persian]. Link
5- Burtis C, Ashwood E, Bruns DE. Clinical Biochemistry Tietz: analyte and Pathophysiology. translate by: Amirrasouli H. 1 st ed. Tehran: Ketab Arjmand publication.2011; pp 125-600. [Persian]. Link
6- Slentz CA, Bateman LA, Willis LH, Shields AT, Tanner CJ, Piner LW, et al. Effects of aerobic vs. resistance training on visceral and liver fat stores, liver enzymes, and insulin resistance by HOMA in overweight adults from STRRIDE AT/RT. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab.2011; 301(5): E1033-9. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00291.2011.
7- Nejadsalim Sh, Gholami M, Ghazaliyan F. Effect of Eight Weeks Resistance Training on Serum Levels of Hepatic Enzymes Including AST, ALT and ALP in Overweight Mens with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.2018; 7 (3) :197-206. [Persian]. DOI: 10.29252/aums.7.3.197.
8- Izadi Ghahfarokhi M, Mogharnasi M, Faramarzi M. The Impact of 10 weeks of Aerobic Exercise and Supplementation of Green Tea on Lipid Profile, Insulin Resistance and Liver Enzymes (GGT, ALT, AST) in Obese Diabetic Women (type 2). Armaghane danesh. 2015; 20 (2):161-171. Link
9- Hozayen WG, Mahmoud AM, Soliman HA, MostafaSR. Spirulina versicolor improves insulin sensitivity and attenuates hyperglycemia-mediated oxidative stress in fructose-fed rats. J Intercult Ethnopharmacol.2016; 5(1):57-64. DOI: 10.5455/jice.20151230055930.
10- Lee EH, Park JE, Choi YJ, Huh KB, Kim WY. A randomized study to establish the effects of spirulina in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, Nutr Res Pract.2008; 2(4):295-300. DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2008.2.4.295.
11- American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care.2005; 28(1): 37-42. DOI: 10.2337/diacare.28.suppl_1.S37.
12- Beihaghi M, Ghodrati azadi H, Taherzadeh Z, Bahrami H R. The Effects of oral administration of spirulina platensis (cultured iranian) on blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin blood in type ii diabetes mellitus patients. ijdld. 2017; 16 (3) :183-190. Link
13- Dehghani K, Mogharnasi M, Saghebjoo M, Sarir H, Malekaneh M. The Effect of Eight Weeks of Circuit Resistance Training and Spirulina Supplementation on Plasma Levels of Irisin and Some Body Composition in Overweight and Obese Men. Armaghane-danesh.2020; 25 (3) :332-345. [Persian]. Link
14- Golestani F, Mogharnasi M, Erfani‑Far M, Abtahi-Eivari SA. The effects of spirulina under high-intensity interval training on levels of nesfatin‑1, omentin‑1, and lipid profiles in overweight and obese females: A randomized, controlled, single‑blind trial. J Res Med Sci. 2021; 26(10): IP, 37. 129. 202. 53. DOI: 10.4103/jrms.JRMS_1317_20
15- Strasser B, Schobersberger w. Evidence for Resistance Tranining as a Treatment Therapy in Obesity. Int J Obes. 2011; 9(2): Corpus ID: 15532329. DOI: 10.1155/2011/482564.
16- Farahani, A,Shabani Moghadam, S. Rules of research in physical education with emphasis on writing dissertations and articles, published by the Research Institute of Physical Education of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology. 2011; 2 edition, P: 93. [Persian].
17- Hooshmand Moghadam B, Kordi M R, Attarzade Hosseini SR, Davaloo T. Aerobic exercises and Supplement Spirulina reduce inflammation in diabetic men.Pars J Med Sci. 2018; 16(4): 10-18. [Persian]. Link
18- Willett WC. Nutritional epidemiology. 2nd ed. NewYork: Oxford University Press. 1998. P. 33-91. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195122978.001.0001
19- Nikseresht M A-AH, Azarbayjani M, Ebrahim Kh. Effects of nonlinear resistance and aerobic interval training on cytokines and insulin resistance in sedentary men who are obese. J Strength Cond Res. 2014; 28(9): 2560–8. DOI: 10. 1519/JSC. 0000000000000441.
20- Felck SJ, Kraemer WJ. Designing Resistance Training Programs. Human Kinetics Publishing, 2004; Champaign, Illinois, 3rd ed. 2004. Link
21- Brzycki M. A practical approach to strength training. 1st ed. Mc GrawHill: Women's sports fitness.1991. Link
22- Allahverdi H, Minasian V. The Effect of Interval Training with Different Intensities on Plasma Levels of Orexin –A, Lipid Profile and Cardiorespiratory Endurance of Overweight and Obese Women. J Sport Bio Sci. 2019; 10(4): 481-495. DOI: 10.22059/jsb.2018.257169.1270. [Persian].
23- Heydari M, Freund J, Boutcher SH. The effect of high-intensity intermittent exercise on body composition of overweight young males. J Obes. 2012; 8(1): 467-480. DOI: 10.1155/2012/480467.
24- Goto K, Ishii N, Takamatsa K. Growth hormone response to training regimen with combined high and low- intensity exercise. J Sport Health Sci. 2004; 2, 111-18. DOI: 10.5432/IJSHS.2.111
25- Devries MC1, Samjoo IA, Hamadeh MJ, Tarnopolsky MA. Effect of endurance exercise on hepatic lipid content, enzymes, and adiposity in men and women. Obesity. 2008; 16(10): 2281-8. DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.358.
26- Zeng Q, Isobe K, Fu L, Ohkoshi N, Ohmori H, Takekoshi K, Kawakami Y. Effects of exercise on adiponectin and adiponectin receptor levels in rats. Life Sci. 2007; 14(5); 454-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.09.031.
27- Gholami F, Khosrow E, Ahmadizad S, Dabaq Nikukheslat S, Rahbaran A. The concurrent effect of endurance training and garlic supplementation on body composition and lipid profile in sedentary young males Med J Tabriz Univ Med Sci. 2012; 35: 52-9. [Persian]. Link
28- Kraemer wj, Nobel Bj, Clark MJ, Culver BW. Physiologic responses to heavy-resistance exercise with very short rest periods, Int J Sports Med. 1987; 8(4): 247-52. DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1025663
29- Dunwald T, Melmer A, Gatterer H3, Salzmann K, Ebenbichler C, Burtscher M , Schoersberger, W. Supervised Short-term High-intensity Training on Plasma Irisin Concentrations in Type 2 Diabetic Patients. Int J Sports Med. 2019; 40(3): 158-164. DOI: 10.1055/a-0828-8047.
1- Monteiro AG, Aoki MS, Evangelista AL, Alveno DA, Monteiro GA, Picarro IDC, et al. Nonlinear periodization maximizes strength gains in split resistance training routines, J Strength Cond Res.2009; 23(2): 1321-1326. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181a00f96.
2- Galic S, Oakhill JS, Steinberg GR. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2010; 316(2): 129-39. DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.08.018
3- Mogharnasi M, Eslami R, Behnam B. Effects of endurance and resistance training on lipid profiles, heart rate and Hematological parameters in obese male students. Annals of Applied Sport Science.2014; 2(4): 11-22. [Persian]. DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.aassjournal.2.4.11.
4- Jahantigh A, Delavar R, Mogharnasi M. The Effect of Eight Weeks of Combined Training And Garlic Supplementation On Adiponectin And Lipid Changes Among Inactive Boys. Armaghane-danesh. 2017; 22 (1): 18-31. [Persian]. Link
5- Burtis C, Ashwood E, Bruns DE. Clinical Biochemistry Tietz: analyte and Pathophysiology. translate by: Amirrasouli H. 1 st ed. Tehran: Ketab Arjmand publication.2011; pp 125-600. [Persian]. Link
6- Slentz CA, Bateman LA, Willis LH, Shields AT, Tanner CJ, Piner LW, et al. Effects of aerobic vs. resistance training on visceral and liver fat stores, liver enzymes, and insulin resistance by HOMA in overweight adults from STRRIDE AT/RT. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab.2011; 301(5): E1033-9. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00291.2011.
7- Nejadsalim Sh, Gholami M, Ghazaliyan F. Effect of Eight Weeks Resistance Training on Serum Levels of Hepatic Enzymes Including AST, ALT and ALP in Overweight Mens with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.2018; 7 (3) :197-206. [Persian]. DOI: 10.29252/aums.7.3.197.
8- Izadi Ghahfarokhi M, Mogharnasi M, Faramarzi M. The Impact of 10 weeks of Aerobic Exercise and Supplementation of Green Tea on Lipid Profile, Insulin Resistance and Liver Enzymes (GGT, ALT, AST) in Obese Diabetic Women (type 2). Armaghane danesh. 2015; 20 (2):161-171. Link
9- Hozayen WG, Mahmoud AM, Soliman HA, MostafaSR. Spirulina versicolor improves insulin sensitivity and attenuates hyperglycemia-mediated oxidative stress in fructose-fed rats. J Intercult Ethnopharmacol.2016; 5(1):57-64. DOI: 10.5455/jice.20151230055930.
10- Lee EH, Park JE, Choi YJ, Huh KB, Kim WY. A randomized study to establish the effects of spirulina in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, Nutr Res Pract.2008; 2(4):295-300. DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2008.2.4.295.
11- American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care.2005; 28(1): 37-42. DOI: 10.2337/diacare.28.suppl_1.S37.
12- Beihaghi M, Ghodrati azadi H, Taherzadeh Z, Bahrami H R. The Effects of oral administration of spirulina platensis (cultured iranian) on blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin blood in type ii diabetes mellitus patients. ijdld. 2017; 16 (3) :183-190. Link
13- Dehghani K, Mogharnasi M, Saghebjoo M, Sarir H, Malekaneh M. The Effect of Eight Weeks of Circuit Resistance Training and Spirulina Supplementation on Plasma Levels of Irisin and Some Body Composition in Overweight and Obese Men. Armaghane-danesh.2020; 25 (3) :332-345. [Persian]. Link
14- Golestani F, Mogharnasi M, Erfani‑Far M, Abtahi-Eivari SA. The effects of spirulina under high-intensity interval training on levels of nesfatin‑1, omentin‑1, and lipid profiles in overweight and obese females: A randomized, controlled, single‑blind trial. J Res Med Sci. 2021; 26(10): IP, 37. 129. 202. 53. DOI: 10.4103/jrms.JRMS_1317_20
15- Strasser B, Schobersberger w. Evidence for Resistance Tranining as a Treatment Therapy in Obesity. Int J Obes. 2011; 9(2): Corpus ID: 15532329. DOI: 10.1155/2011/482564.
16- Farahani, A,Shabani Moghadam, S. Rules of research in physical education with emphasis on writing dissertations and articles, published by the Research Institute of Physical Education of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology. 2011; 2 edition, P: 93. [Persian].
17- Hooshmand Moghadam B, Kordi M R, Attarzade Hosseini SR, Davaloo T. Aerobic exercises and Supplement Spirulina reduce inflammation in diabetic men.Pars J Med Sci. 2018; 16(4): 10-18. [Persian]. Link
18- Willett WC. Nutritional epidemiology. 2nd ed. NewYork: Oxford University Press. 1998. P. 33-91. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195122978.001.0001
19- Nikseresht M A-AH, Azarbayjani M, Ebrahim Kh. Effects of nonlinear resistance and aerobic interval training on cytokines and insulin resistance in sedentary men who are obese. J Strength Cond Res. 2014; 28(9): 2560–8. DOI: 10. 1519/JSC. 0000000000000441.
20- Felck SJ, Kraemer WJ. Designing Resistance Training Programs. Human Kinetics Publishing, 2004; Champaign, Illinois, 3rd ed. 2004. Link
21- Brzycki M. A practical approach to strength training. 1st ed. Mc GrawHill: Women's sports fitness.1991. Link
22- Allahverdi H, Minasian V. The Effect of Interval Training with Different Intensities on Plasma Levels of Orexin –A, Lipid Profile and Cardiorespiratory Endurance of Overweight and Obese Women. J Sport Bio Sci. 2019; 10(4): 481-495. DOI: 10.22059/jsb.2018.257169.1270. [Persian].
23- Heydari M, Freund J, Boutcher SH. The effect of high-intensity intermittent exercise on body composition of overweight young males. J Obes. 2012; 8(1): 467-480. DOI: 10.1155/2012/480467.
24- Goto K, Ishii N, Takamatsa K. Growth hormone response to training regimen with combined high and low- intensity exercise. J Sport Health Sci. 2004; 2, 111-18. DOI: 10.5432/IJSHS.2.111
25- Devries MC1, Samjoo IA, Hamadeh MJ, Tarnopolsky MA. Effect of endurance exercise on hepatic lipid content, enzymes, and adiposity in men and women. Obesity. 2008; 16(10): 2281-8. DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.358.
26- Zeng Q, Isobe K, Fu L, Ohkoshi N, Ohmori H, Takekoshi K, Kawakami Y. Effects of exercise on adiponectin and adiponectin receptor levels in rats. Life Sci. 2007; 14(5); 454-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.09.031.
27- Gholami F, Khosrow E, Ahmadizad S, Dabaq Nikukheslat S, Rahbaran A. The concurrent effect of endurance training and garlic supplementation on body composition and lipid profile in sedentary young males Med J Tabriz Univ Med Sci. 2012; 35: 52-9. [Persian]. Link
28- Kraemer wj, Nobel Bj, Clark MJ, Culver BW. Physiologic responses to heavy-resistance exercise with very short rest periods, Int J Sports Med. 1987; 8(4): 247-52. DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1025663
29- Dunwald T, Melmer A, Gatterer H3, Salzmann K, Ebenbichler C, Burtscher M , Schoersberger, W. Supervised Short-term High-intensity Training on Plasma Irisin Concentrations in Type 2 Diabetic Patients. Int J Sports Med. 2019; 40(3): 158-164. DOI: 10.1055/a-0828-8047.
Type of Study: Original Article |
Subject:
Exercise Physiology
Received: 2021/05/9 | Accepted: 2021/09/14 | ePublished ahead of print: 2021/09/15 | ePublished: 2021/09/18
Received: 2021/05/9 | Accepted: 2021/09/14 | ePublished ahead of print: 2021/09/15 | ePublished: 2021/09/18
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