Volume 29, Issue 2 (Aug 2022)
J Birjand Univ Med Sci. 2022, 29(2): 107-116 |
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Research code: 1234
Ethics code: GIU.ACRA.2019.41
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Rezaei R, Mohebbi H, Rahmaninia F, Damirchi A, Fathi M. The effect of physical activity on metabolic and anthropometric factors in pre and postmenopausal women. J Birjand Univ Med Sci. 2022; 29 (2) :107-116
URL: http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-3143-en.html
URL: http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-3143-en.html
1- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran , ngnrezaei@yahoo.com
2- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
3- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
2- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
3- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
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ABSTRACT
Background and Aims: The beneficial effect of physical activity on some risk factors improves and promotes the metabolic and physiological factors in individuals. Women who have gone through menopause are at a greater risk. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of physical activity on metabolic and anthropometric factors in pre and postmenopausal women.
Materials and Methods: A total of 77 women participated in this quasi-experimental study. The subjects were non-randomly divided into four groups including premenopausal women [active (n= 18), inactive (n= 17)] and postmenopausal women [active (n = 23), inactive (n = 19)] which had regular activity in the gyms of Rasht, Iran for three 90-minute sessions for at least 6 months. Bouchard Three-Day Physical Activity Record was completed by subjects to assess energy expenditure and to determine levels of physical activity. Then body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), and body fat percent (BF%) of subjects were measured. Also, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), and TC/HDL-C were measured. Data analysis was performed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s test using SPSS software (version 20).
Results: The results of this study indicated no significant difference in SBP, DBP, BMI, BF%, and WHR between pre and postmenopausal women (active and inactive). However, significant differences (P≤0.01) were observed in TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, and TC/HDL-C between pre and postmenopausal inactive and active women.
Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that although physical activity failed to affect BMI, weight, or BF%, it could desirably and significantly affect lipid profile in pre and postmenopausal women.
1- El Khoudary SR. Gaps, limitations and new insights on endogenous estrogen and follicle stimulating hormone as related to risk of cardiovascular disease in women traversing the menopause: A narrative review. Maturitas. 2017; 104: 44-53. DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.08.003
2- Sternfeld B, Dugan S. Physical activity and health during the menopausal transition. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2011; 38(3): 537-66. DOI: 10.1016/j.ogc.2011.05.008
3- Kanaley JA, Sames C, Swisher L, Swick AG, Ploutz-Snyder LL, Steppan CM, et al. Abdominal fat distribution in pre- and postmenopausal women: The impact of physical activity, age, and menopausal status. Metabolism. 2001; 50(8): 976-82. DOI: 10.1053/meta.2001.24931
4- Rosano GM, Vitale C, Marazzi G, Volterrani M. Menopause and cardiovascular disease: the evidence. Climacteric. 2007;10 Suppl 1:19-24. DOI: 10.1080/13697130601114917
5- Nystoriak MA, Bhatnagar A. Cardiovascular Effects and Benefits of Exercise. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2018; 5: 135. DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00135
6- Lacombe J, Armstrong MEG, Wright FL, Foster C. The impact of physical activity and an additional behavioural risk factor on cardiovascular disease, cancer and all-cause mortality: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2019; 19(1): 900. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7030-8
7- Pauls SD, Du Y, Clair L, Winter T, Aukema HM, Taylor CG, et al. Impact of Age, Menopause, and Obesity on Oxylipins Linked to Vascular Health. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2021; 41(2): 883-97. DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.120.315133
8- Rippe JM. Lifestyle Strategies for Risk Factor Reduction, Prevention, and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2019; 13(2): 204-12. DOI: 10.1177/1559827618812395
9- Copeland JL, Consitt LA, Tremblay MS. Hormonal responses to endurance and resistance exercise in females aged 19-69 years. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2002; 57(4): B158-65. DOI: 10.1093/gerona/57.4.b158
10- Ennour-Idrissi K, Maunsell E, Diorio C. Effect of physical activity on sex hormones in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Breast Cancer Res. 2015; 17(1): 139. DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0647-3
11- Babic Z, Deskin M, Muacevic-Katanec D, Erdeljic V, Misigoj-Durakovic M, Metelko Z. Estimation of physical activity by different questionnaires in overweight subjects and patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: relationship with anthropometric and metabolic variables. Diabetes Nutr Metab. 2004; 17(5): 280-9. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16295050/
12- Kelly C, Carpenter D, Tucker E, Luna C, Donovan J, Behrens TK. A Method for Evaluating Physical Activity Programs in Schools. Prev Chronic Dis. 2017; 14: E79. DOI: 10.5888/pcd14.160607
13- Yang X, Chen JY, Zhai Y, Zhao WH. A systematic review of evaluation studies on physical activity questionnaires for children and adolescents. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2019; 53(12): 1290-5. [Chinese] DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-9624.2019.12.016
14- Strath SJ, Kaminsky LA, Ainsworth BE, Ekelund U, Freedson PS, Gary RA, et al. Guide to the assessment of physical activity: Clinical and research applications: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013; 128(20): 2259-79. DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000435708.67487.da
15- Guo X, Mao H, Liu T, Zhang Y, Shen P, Xie D, et al. Validity of the international physical activity questionnaire and bouchard diary in Chinese adults. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2021; 50(3): 435-41. [Chinese] DOI: 10.19813/j.cnki.weishengyanjiu.2021.03.015
16- Heyward VH. Advanced Fitness Assessment & Exercise Prescription. 8th ed. Champaig: Human Kinetics; 2015. https://www.scirp.org/(S(czeh2tfqyw2orz553k1w0r45))/reference/ReferencesPapers.aspx?ReferenceID=1927444
17- Human energy requirements. Scientific background papers from the Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation. October 17-24, 2001. Rome, Italy. Public Health Nutr. 2005; 8(7A): 929-1228. DOI: 10.1079/phn2005778
18- Ogwumike OO, Adeniyi AF, Dosa BT, Sanya AO, Awolola KO. Physical activity and pattern of blood pressure in postmenopausal women with hypertension in Nigeria. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2014; 24(2): 153-60. DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v24i2.8
19- Abildgaard J, Ploug T, Al-Saoudi E, Wagner T, Thomsen C, Ewertsen C, et al. Changes in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue phenotype following menopause is associated with increased visceral fat mass. Scientific reports. 2021; 11(1): 14750. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94189-2
20- Ramirez-Velez R, Castro-Astudillo K, Correa-Bautista JE, Gonzalez-Ruiz K, Izquierdo M, Garcia-Hermoso A, et al. The Effect of 12 Weeks of Different Exercise Training Modalities or Nutritional Guidance on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, Vascular Parameters, and Physical Fitness in Overweight Adults: Cardiometabolic High-Intensity Interval Training-Resistance Training Randomized Controlled Study. J Strength Cond Res. 2020; 34(8): 2178-88. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003533
21- Hyvarinen M, Juppi HK, Taskinen S, Karppinen JE, Karvinen S, Tammelin TH, et al. Metabolic health, menopause, and physical activity-a 4-year follow-up study. Int J Obes. 2022; 46(3): 544-54. DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-01022-x
22- Wang Y, Xu D. Effects of aerobic exercise on lipids and lipoproteins. Lipids Health Dis. 2017; 16(1): 132. DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0515-5
23- Kelley GA, Kelley KS, Roberts S, Haskell W. Combined effects of aerobic exercise and diet on lipids and lipoproteins in overweight and obese adults: a meta-analysis. J Obes. 2012; 2012: 985902. DOI: 10.1155/2012/985902
Background and Aims: The beneficial effect of physical activity on some risk factors improves and promotes the metabolic and physiological factors in individuals. Women who have gone through menopause are at a greater risk. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of physical activity on metabolic and anthropometric factors in pre and postmenopausal women.
Materials and Methods: A total of 77 women participated in this quasi-experimental study. The subjects were non-randomly divided into four groups including premenopausal women [active (n= 18), inactive (n= 17)] and postmenopausal women [active (n = 23), inactive (n = 19)] which had regular activity in the gyms of Rasht, Iran for three 90-minute sessions for at least 6 months. Bouchard Three-Day Physical Activity Record was completed by subjects to assess energy expenditure and to determine levels of physical activity. Then body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), and body fat percent (BF%) of subjects were measured. Also, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), and TC/HDL-C were measured. Data analysis was performed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s test using SPSS software (version 20).
Results: The results of this study indicated no significant difference in SBP, DBP, BMI, BF%, and WHR between pre and postmenopausal women (active and inactive). However, significant differences (P≤0.01) were observed in TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, and TC/HDL-C between pre and postmenopausal inactive and active women.
Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that although physical activity failed to affect BMI, weight, or BF%, it could desirably and significantly affect lipid profile in pre and postmenopausal women.
1- El Khoudary SR. Gaps, limitations and new insights on endogenous estrogen and follicle stimulating hormone as related to risk of cardiovascular disease in women traversing the menopause: A narrative review. Maturitas. 2017; 104: 44-53. DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.08.003
2- Sternfeld B, Dugan S. Physical activity and health during the menopausal transition. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2011; 38(3): 537-66. DOI: 10.1016/j.ogc.2011.05.008
3- Kanaley JA, Sames C, Swisher L, Swick AG, Ploutz-Snyder LL, Steppan CM, et al. Abdominal fat distribution in pre- and postmenopausal women: The impact of physical activity, age, and menopausal status. Metabolism. 2001; 50(8): 976-82. DOI: 10.1053/meta.2001.24931
4- Rosano GM, Vitale C, Marazzi G, Volterrani M. Menopause and cardiovascular disease: the evidence. Climacteric. 2007;10 Suppl 1:19-24. DOI: 10.1080/13697130601114917
5- Nystoriak MA, Bhatnagar A. Cardiovascular Effects and Benefits of Exercise. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2018; 5: 135. DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00135
6- Lacombe J, Armstrong MEG, Wright FL, Foster C. The impact of physical activity and an additional behavioural risk factor on cardiovascular disease, cancer and all-cause mortality: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2019; 19(1): 900. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7030-8
7- Pauls SD, Du Y, Clair L, Winter T, Aukema HM, Taylor CG, et al. Impact of Age, Menopause, and Obesity on Oxylipins Linked to Vascular Health. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2021; 41(2): 883-97. DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.120.315133
8- Rippe JM. Lifestyle Strategies for Risk Factor Reduction, Prevention, and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2019; 13(2): 204-12. DOI: 10.1177/1559827618812395
9- Copeland JL, Consitt LA, Tremblay MS. Hormonal responses to endurance and resistance exercise in females aged 19-69 years. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2002; 57(4): B158-65. DOI: 10.1093/gerona/57.4.b158
10- Ennour-Idrissi K, Maunsell E, Diorio C. Effect of physical activity on sex hormones in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Breast Cancer Res. 2015; 17(1): 139. DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0647-3
11- Babic Z, Deskin M, Muacevic-Katanec D, Erdeljic V, Misigoj-Durakovic M, Metelko Z. Estimation of physical activity by different questionnaires in overweight subjects and patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: relationship with anthropometric and metabolic variables. Diabetes Nutr Metab. 2004; 17(5): 280-9. URL: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16295050/
12- Kelly C, Carpenter D, Tucker E, Luna C, Donovan J, Behrens TK. A Method for Evaluating Physical Activity Programs in Schools. Prev Chronic Dis. 2017; 14: E79. DOI: 10.5888/pcd14.160607
13- Yang X, Chen JY, Zhai Y, Zhao WH. A systematic review of evaluation studies on physical activity questionnaires for children and adolescents. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2019; 53(12): 1290-5. [Chinese] DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-9624.2019.12.016
14- Strath SJ, Kaminsky LA, Ainsworth BE, Ekelund U, Freedson PS, Gary RA, et al. Guide to the assessment of physical activity: Clinical and research applications: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013; 128(20): 2259-79. DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000435708.67487.da
15- Guo X, Mao H, Liu T, Zhang Y, Shen P, Xie D, et al. Validity of the international physical activity questionnaire and bouchard diary in Chinese adults. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2021; 50(3): 435-41. [Chinese] DOI: 10.19813/j.cnki.weishengyanjiu.2021.03.015
16- Heyward VH. Advanced Fitness Assessment & Exercise Prescription. 8th ed. Champaig: Human Kinetics; 2015. https://www.scirp.org/(S(czeh2tfqyw2orz553k1w0r45))/reference/ReferencesPapers.aspx?ReferenceID=1927444
17- Human energy requirements. Scientific background papers from the Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation. October 17-24, 2001. Rome, Italy. Public Health Nutr. 2005; 8(7A): 929-1228. DOI: 10.1079/phn2005778
18- Ogwumike OO, Adeniyi AF, Dosa BT, Sanya AO, Awolola KO. Physical activity and pattern of blood pressure in postmenopausal women with hypertension in Nigeria. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2014; 24(2): 153-60. DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v24i2.8
19- Abildgaard J, Ploug T, Al-Saoudi E, Wagner T, Thomsen C, Ewertsen C, et al. Changes in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue phenotype following menopause is associated with increased visceral fat mass. Scientific reports. 2021; 11(1): 14750. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94189-2
20- Ramirez-Velez R, Castro-Astudillo K, Correa-Bautista JE, Gonzalez-Ruiz K, Izquierdo M, Garcia-Hermoso A, et al. The Effect of 12 Weeks of Different Exercise Training Modalities or Nutritional Guidance on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors, Vascular Parameters, and Physical Fitness in Overweight Adults: Cardiometabolic High-Intensity Interval Training-Resistance Training Randomized Controlled Study. J Strength Cond Res. 2020; 34(8): 2178-88. DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000003533
21- Hyvarinen M, Juppi HK, Taskinen S, Karppinen JE, Karvinen S, Tammelin TH, et al. Metabolic health, menopause, and physical activity-a 4-year follow-up study. Int J Obes. 2022; 46(3): 544-54. DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-01022-x
22- Wang Y, Xu D. Effects of aerobic exercise on lipids and lipoproteins. Lipids Health Dis. 2017; 16(1): 132. DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0515-5
23- Kelley GA, Kelley KS, Roberts S, Haskell W. Combined effects of aerobic exercise and diet on lipids and lipoproteins in overweight and obese adults: a meta-analysis. J Obes. 2012; 2012: 985902. DOI: 10.1155/2012/985902
Type of Study: Original Article |
Subject:
Exercise Physiology
Received: 2022/03/14 | Accepted: 2022/06/15 | ePublished ahead of print: 2022/07/2 | ePublished: 2022/09/3
Received: 2022/03/14 | Accepted: 2022/06/15 | ePublished ahead of print: 2022/07/2 | ePublished: 2022/09/3
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