Volume 29, Issue 2 (Aug 2022)
J Birjand Univ Med Sci. 2022, 29(2): 117-127 |
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Research code: 2390941
Ethics code: IR.IAU.SHAHROOD.REC.1396.8
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Ardakanizadeh M, Saeedpour S, Ziaolhagh S J. Effect of resistance training on structural injuries of skeletal muscle induced by different doses of Boldenone in male rats. J Birjand Univ Med Sci. 2022; 29 (2) :117-127
URL: http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-3093-en.html
URL: http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-3093-en.html
1- Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran
2- Department of Exercise Physiology, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood branch, Shahrood, Iran
3- Department of Exercise Physiology, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood branch, Shahrood, Iran , javadzia@gmail.com
2- Department of Exercise Physiology, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood branch, Shahrood, Iran
3- Department of Exercise Physiology, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood branch, Shahrood, Iran , javadzia@gmail.com
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ABSTRACT
Background and Aims: The use of anabolic steroids is common among athletes who perform resistance training; nonetheless, the effect of their abuse, along with resistance training, on the structural destruction of skeletal muscles is not fully understood. The present study aimed to assess the effect of different doses of Boldenone, along with resistance training, on muscle injury.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 36 male Wistar rats (189.53±5.94 gr) were randomly assigned to six groups (n=6 in each group): control, Boldenone (2mg/kg), Boldenone (5mg/kg), training, training+Boldenone (2mg/kg), and training+Boldenone (5mg/kg). Boldenone steroid was injected twice a week into the rat serine muscle. The resistance training program consisted of ladder-climbing 5×3, three times per week for six weeks. It began with 50% of the one-repetition maximum of rats and increased to 100% in the final week. Histopathological changes in quadriceps muscle tissue were assessed using hematoxylin staining and optical microscopic. To assess the normality of data, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey post hoc test were employed for data analysis at a significance level of P≤0.05.
Results: Based on the results, there was no significant difference in the weight of rats in all groups. In the groups receiving Boldenone, mild and moderate damages were observed in the tissue structure of the quadriceps muscle, which was slightly improved by performing resistance exercises; however, the difference was not statistically significant (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Resistance training in the present study did not seemingly prevent or improve the muscle injuries caused by taking Boldenone steroids.
1- Ahmadi M, Abbassi-Daloii A, Ziaolhagh SJ, Yahyaei B. Structural changes of cardiac tissue in response to boldenone supplementation along with the alcoholic extract of jujuba fruit during resistance training in male Wistar rats. Feyz. 2018; 21(6): 534-42. [Persian] URL: https://feyz.kaums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_id=3350&sid=1&slc_lang=en
2- Babaei M, Tootin Z, Morovati H, Shojaei B, Fazelipour S. The Protective effects of vitamin E on sperm quality and some serum parameters of little laboratory white rats in toxicity caused by the Dianabole. Med Sci J Islam Azad Univ Tehran Med. 2018; 28(2): 81-91. [Persian] DOI: 10.29252/iau.28.2.81
3- Arazi H, Bazyar F. Prevalence of anabolic steroid abuse and the level of awareness and attitude of their negative consequences in bodybuilding athletes in Karaj. Alborz Univer Med J. 2013; 3(1): 48-56. [Persian] DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.aums.3.1.48
4- Ranjbar K, Matinhomaee H, Azar bayjani M, Peeri M. Effect of zizyphus jujube extract and resistance exercise on liver damaging biomarkers in male toxicated by anabolic steroid. Metabolism and Exercise a bioannual journal. 2015; 5(1): 35-45. [Persian] https://jme.guilan.ac.ir/article_1693_8a0752b1551e8a51141815d4984e85fa.
5- Hadadpour Z, Abaszadeh H. The effect of endurance exercise and boldone consumption at a dose of 5 mg on the of 5 alpha reductases gene expression of liver tissue in male wistar rats. The Second National Conference on New Achievements in Physical Education and Sports. Chabahar International University. 2016. [Persisn] URL: https://civilica.com/doc/583687/
6- Mohammed HH, Badawi ME, El-Tarabany MS, Rania M. Effects of boldenone undecylenate on growth performance, maintenance behavior, reproductive hormones and carcass traits of growing rabbits. Pol J Vet Sci. 2016; 19(2): 245-51. DOI: 10.1515/pjvs-2016-0031
7- Oda SS, El-Ashmawy IM. Adverse effects of the anabolic steroid, boldenone undecylenate, on reproductive functions of male rabbits. Int J Exp Pathol. 2012; 93(3): 172-8. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2012.00814.x
8- Sadeghi M, Abbasidaloii A, Ziaolhagh SJ. Effect of 6 Weeks of Resistance Training and Boldenone Supplementation on 5-alpha Reductase and Aromatase Gene Expression in Testes Tissue of Male Wistar Rats. Horizon Med Sci. 2017; 23(3): 193-199. URL: http://hms.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-2549-en.html
9- Abbasi Daloii A, Ziaolhagh SJ, Abdi A, Fazelnia M. The Effects of 6 Weeks of Endurance Training and Consumption of Different Doses of Boldenone on Hematological Factors and Spleen Structure Changes in Male Wistar Rats. Qom Univ Med Sci J. 2017; 11(4): 20-31. [Persian] URL: https://journal.muq.ac.ir/browse.php?a_id=312&sid=1&slc_lang=en
10- Alm-Eldeen A, Tousson E. Deterioration of glomerular endothelial surface layer and the alteration in the renal function in Rabbits after treatment with a growth promoter Boldenone. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2012; 31(5): 465-72. DOI: 10.1177/0960327111420745
11- Asad MR, Zoghi R, Fashi M. The effect of eight weeks of resistance training with supplementation HMB on growth hormone and testosterone changes in non-athlete men. Alborz Univer Med J. 2016; 5(3): 187-193. [Persian] DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.aums.5.3.187
12- Attarzadeh Hosseini SR, Motahari Rad M, Moien Neia N. The effect of two different intensities resistance training on muscle growth regulatory myokines in sedentary young women. J Arak Uni Med Sci. 2016; 19(7): 56-65. [Persian] URL: http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-4375-en.html
13- Rozbehi M, Gaeini AA, Nouri R, Kordi MR. Interaction effect of stanozolol and endurance training on oxidant and antioxidant capacity in liver tissue on healthy male Wistar rats. Stud Med Sci. 2019; 30(7): 537-547. [Persian] URL: http://umj.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-4824-en.html
14- Qadampour Vahed Z, Rashidlamir A, Moosavi Z, Raji A R. The effects of anabolic steroid stanozolol along with eight weeks of resistance training on structural changes in male rats' liver. Sport Biosciences. 2013; 5(2): 115-32. [Persian] DOI: 10.22059/JSB.2013.35043
15- Ziaolhagh SJ, Khojasteh L, Ziaolhag SS, Yahyaei B. The effect of boldenone anabolic steroid, and endurance and resistance training on liver damage markers in rats. Fayz. 2018; 22(2): 143-152. [Persian] URL: http://feyz.kaums.ac.ir/article-1-3477-en.html
16- Abbassi Daloii A, Abdi A, Ziaolhagh S. J, Shah Bahrami A. The Effect of Boldenone and Resistance Training on Hematological Profile and Spleen Structure in Wistar Rats. Sport Physiology. Summer 2017; 9(34): 129-46. [Persian] DOI: 10.22089/SPJ.2017.2366.1319
17- Fernández M D, Fuente M L, Fernfindez E, Manso R. Anabolic steroids and lymphocyte function in sedentary and exercise-trained rats.J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1996; 59: 225-32. DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(96)00111-2
18- Bijeh N, Dehbashi M, Saghi M. Studying the amount of prevalence awareness and complications of anabolic steroids among the male athletes in Mashhad city. Journal of Practical Studies of Biosciences in Sport. 2014-2015; 2(4): 78-89. [Persian] DOI: 10.22077/JPSBS.2014.24
Background and Aims: The use of anabolic steroids is common among athletes who perform resistance training; nonetheless, the effect of their abuse, along with resistance training, on the structural destruction of skeletal muscles is not fully understood. The present study aimed to assess the effect of different doses of Boldenone, along with resistance training, on muscle injury.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 36 male Wistar rats (189.53±5.94 gr) were randomly assigned to six groups (n=6 in each group): control, Boldenone (2mg/kg), Boldenone (5mg/kg), training, training+Boldenone (2mg/kg), and training+Boldenone (5mg/kg). Boldenone steroid was injected twice a week into the rat serine muscle. The resistance training program consisted of ladder-climbing 5×3, three times per week for six weeks. It began with 50% of the one-repetition maximum of rats and increased to 100% in the final week. Histopathological changes in quadriceps muscle tissue were assessed using hematoxylin staining and optical microscopic. To assess the normality of data, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey post hoc test were employed for data analysis at a significance level of P≤0.05.
Results: Based on the results, there was no significant difference in the weight of rats in all groups. In the groups receiving Boldenone, mild and moderate damages were observed in the tissue structure of the quadriceps muscle, which was slightly improved by performing resistance exercises; however, the difference was not statistically significant (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Resistance training in the present study did not seemingly prevent or improve the muscle injuries caused by taking Boldenone steroids.
1- Ahmadi M, Abbassi-Daloii A, Ziaolhagh SJ, Yahyaei B. Structural changes of cardiac tissue in response to boldenone supplementation along with the alcoholic extract of jujuba fruit during resistance training in male Wistar rats. Feyz. 2018; 21(6): 534-42. [Persian] URL: https://feyz.kaums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_id=3350&sid=1&slc_lang=en
2- Babaei M, Tootin Z, Morovati H, Shojaei B, Fazelipour S. The Protective effects of vitamin E on sperm quality and some serum parameters of little laboratory white rats in toxicity caused by the Dianabole. Med Sci J Islam Azad Univ Tehran Med. 2018; 28(2): 81-91. [Persian] DOI: 10.29252/iau.28.2.81
3- Arazi H, Bazyar F. Prevalence of anabolic steroid abuse and the level of awareness and attitude of their negative consequences in bodybuilding athletes in Karaj. Alborz Univer Med J. 2013; 3(1): 48-56. [Persian] DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.aums.3.1.48
4- Ranjbar K, Matinhomaee H, Azar bayjani M, Peeri M. Effect of zizyphus jujube extract and resistance exercise on liver damaging biomarkers in male toxicated by anabolic steroid. Metabolism and Exercise a bioannual journal. 2015; 5(1): 35-45. [Persian] https://jme.guilan.ac.ir/article_1693_8a0752b1551e8a51141815d4984e85fa.
5- Hadadpour Z, Abaszadeh H. The effect of endurance exercise and boldone consumption at a dose of 5 mg on the of 5 alpha reductases gene expression of liver tissue in male wistar rats. The Second National Conference on New Achievements in Physical Education and Sports. Chabahar International University. 2016. [Persisn] URL: https://civilica.com/doc/583687/
6- Mohammed HH, Badawi ME, El-Tarabany MS, Rania M. Effects of boldenone undecylenate on growth performance, maintenance behavior, reproductive hormones and carcass traits of growing rabbits. Pol J Vet Sci. 2016; 19(2): 245-51. DOI: 10.1515/pjvs-2016-0031
7- Oda SS, El-Ashmawy IM. Adverse effects of the anabolic steroid, boldenone undecylenate, on reproductive functions of male rabbits. Int J Exp Pathol. 2012; 93(3): 172-8. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2613.2012.00814.x
8- Sadeghi M, Abbasidaloii A, Ziaolhagh SJ. Effect of 6 Weeks of Resistance Training and Boldenone Supplementation on 5-alpha Reductase and Aromatase Gene Expression in Testes Tissue of Male Wistar Rats. Horizon Med Sci. 2017; 23(3): 193-199. URL: http://hms.gmu.ac.ir/article-1-2549-en.html
9- Abbasi Daloii A, Ziaolhagh SJ, Abdi A, Fazelnia M. The Effects of 6 Weeks of Endurance Training and Consumption of Different Doses of Boldenone on Hematological Factors and Spleen Structure Changes in Male Wistar Rats. Qom Univ Med Sci J. 2017; 11(4): 20-31. [Persian] URL: https://journal.muq.ac.ir/browse.php?a_id=312&sid=1&slc_lang=en
10- Alm-Eldeen A, Tousson E. Deterioration of glomerular endothelial surface layer and the alteration in the renal function in Rabbits after treatment with a growth promoter Boldenone. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2012; 31(5): 465-72. DOI: 10.1177/0960327111420745
11- Asad MR, Zoghi R, Fashi M. The effect of eight weeks of resistance training with supplementation HMB on growth hormone and testosterone changes in non-athlete men. Alborz Univer Med J. 2016; 5(3): 187-193. [Persian] DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.aums.5.3.187
12- Attarzadeh Hosseini SR, Motahari Rad M, Moien Neia N. The effect of two different intensities resistance training on muscle growth regulatory myokines in sedentary young women. J Arak Uni Med Sci. 2016; 19(7): 56-65. [Persian] URL: http://jams.arakmu.ac.ir/article-1-4375-en.html
13- Rozbehi M, Gaeini AA, Nouri R, Kordi MR. Interaction effect of stanozolol and endurance training on oxidant and antioxidant capacity in liver tissue on healthy male Wistar rats. Stud Med Sci. 2019; 30(7): 537-547. [Persian] URL: http://umj.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-4824-en.html
14- Qadampour Vahed Z, Rashidlamir A, Moosavi Z, Raji A R. The effects of anabolic steroid stanozolol along with eight weeks of resistance training on structural changes in male rats' liver. Sport Biosciences. 2013; 5(2): 115-32. [Persian] DOI: 10.22059/JSB.2013.35043
15- Ziaolhagh SJ, Khojasteh L, Ziaolhag SS, Yahyaei B. The effect of boldenone anabolic steroid, and endurance and resistance training on liver damage markers in rats. Fayz. 2018; 22(2): 143-152. [Persian] URL: http://feyz.kaums.ac.ir/article-1-3477-en.html
16- Abbassi Daloii A, Abdi A, Ziaolhagh S. J, Shah Bahrami A. The Effect of Boldenone and Resistance Training on Hematological Profile and Spleen Structure in Wistar Rats. Sport Physiology. Summer 2017; 9(34): 129-46. [Persian] DOI: 10.22089/SPJ.2017.2366.1319
17- Fernández M D, Fuente M L, Fernfindez E, Manso R. Anabolic steroids and lymphocyte function in sedentary and exercise-trained rats.J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1996; 59: 225-32. DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(96)00111-2
18- Bijeh N, Dehbashi M, Saghi M. Studying the amount of prevalence awareness and complications of anabolic steroids among the male athletes in Mashhad city. Journal of Practical Studies of Biosciences in Sport. 2014-2015; 2(4): 78-89. [Persian] DOI: 10.22077/JPSBS.2014.24
Type of Study: Original Article |
Subject:
Exercise Physiology
Received: 2021/11/25 | Accepted: 2022/05/25 | ePublished ahead of print: 2022/06/12 | ePublished: 2022/09/3
Received: 2021/11/25 | Accepted: 2022/05/25 | ePublished ahead of print: 2022/06/12 | ePublished: 2022/09/3
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