Birjand University of Medical Sciences
Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences
1607-2197
2423-6152
22
3
2015
11
1
Bioterrorism and Biological Warfare, from Past to the Present: A classic review
182
198
FA
Majid
Zare Bidaki
Birjand Hepatitis Research Center, Assistant professor in Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Paramedical, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
m.zare@live.co.uk
Mahdi
Balalimood
of Clinical Toxicology, Medical Toxicology Research Center, Medical Faculty, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
mbalalimood@mums.ac.ir
Bioterrorism is defined as any terrorist action of intentional release or dissemination of highly pathogenic biological agents, including a variety of microorganisms or biological toxins. With the growing threat of terrorism, is necessary that the potential danger of various microorganisms – as a powerful tool of aggression and threat- to be taken seriously.
This review tries to explain the concept of biological weapons and their historical development process with an emphasis on efforts to control the proliferation of these types of weapons over the last century. Potential impact of infectious diseases on people and armed forces was known from since 600 BC.
Using the victims of the plague as a weapon in medieval warfare and spread of smallpox as a weapon during the war against the Indians when initially America was discovered, the development of biological weapons during the World War I, World War II and the Cold War, and even since the beginning of the third millennium, all show the strategic importance of pathogenic microorganisms as a deterrent power for the superiority of some governments and cults.
Historical attempts to use infectious diseases as biological weapons reveal that the distinction between a natural outbreak of an infectious disease and that of a deliberate biological attack is very difficult. Abusing this characteristic of infectious diseases has made it possible for the purposes of superiority.
International agreements to control the development of biological weapons, such as “the 1925 Geneva Protocol” and “the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Biological and Toxic Weapons” have not been able to control the development and using of biological warfare. The current paper is a classic review (Overview) article aiming at increasing the knowledge and awareness of people especially of health authorities and government officials.
Bioterrorism, Biological weapons, Historical review
http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-1911-en.html
http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-1911-en.pdf
Birjand University of Medical Sciences
Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences
1607-2197
2423-6152
22
3
2015
11
1
Effect of curriculum based on theory of planned behavior, on components of theory in patients with hypertension
199
208
FA
Ali
Hoseini Soorand
Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran;
alihosainy@bums.ac.ir
Mohammad Reza
Miri
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran;
miri_moh2516@yahoo.com
Gholamreza
Sharifzadeh
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
rezamood@yahoo.com
Background and Aim: Hypertension is one of the most common and important non-communicable diseases and health problems in the world today nevertheless, it is preventable and controllable. Theory of Planned Behavior is one of the major theories that explains the process of adopting healthy behaviors. The present study aimed atat determining the effect of the theory on components of theory in patients with hypertension.
Materials and Methods:. This randomized controlled field trial study was done on 110 patients with hypertension in Zirkouh city who were divided into two equal groups. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire used were determined through face and content validity and through Cronbach’s alpha and test-retest, respectively. The obtained data was analyzed by means of SPSS software (V: 16) using statistical t-test and repeated analysis of variance.
Results: Both groups were similar regarding mean score of the theory components before intervention, but after the intervention the average scores of the experimental group increased. The attitude increased from 48.7 to 64.1, subjective norm from 34.9 to 43.1, perceived behavioral control from 33.8 to 43, intention behavior from 33.9 to 41.09 and behavior from 65.6 to 82.45) and these differences were statistically significant (P<0.001).
However, nosignificant difference was observed in the control group.
Conclusion: Regarding the positive effect of education based on The Theory of Planned Behavior in controlling hypertension, planning of a curriculum based on this theory is recommended.
Hypertension, Education, Behavior, Theory of Planned Behavior
http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-1778-en.html
http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-1778-en.pdf
Birjand University of Medical Sciences
Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences
1607-2197
2423-6152
22
3
2015
11
1
The effect of pre-nutrition of hydroalcoholic extractof Origanum vulgare on brain edema and neurologic deficits in a rat stroke model
209
217
FA
Meysam
Foroozandeh
Biology Research Center, Department of physiology, Zanjan-Branch, Islamic Azad University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
foroozandeh.meysam67@gmail.com
Mohammad Reza
Bigdeli
Shahid Beheshti University, Faculty of Biological Science, Assistant Professor of Physiology, Tehran, Iran.
bigdelimohammadreza@yahoo.com
Mehdi
Rahnema
of Physiology, Biology research center, Department of physiology, Zanjan-Branch, Islamic Azad University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran
meh_rahnema@yahoo.com
Background and Aim: Stroke is one of the most important factors of mortality and disability in the world. Free radicals are produced following ischemic stroke and they play a central role in breaking the blood-brain barrier and causing brain edema formation.
The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of hydro- alcoholic extract of Origanum vulgare on brain edema and neurologic deficit in a rat stroke model.
Materials and Methods: In thisexperimental study, 35 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 equal groups. The first two groups (control and Sham)) received distilled water, while three treatment groups received oral Origanum vulgare extract for 30days (50,75and 100 mg/kgdaily, respectively). Two hours after the last dose of Origanum vulgare extract,each main group underwent a 60 min middle cerebral artery occlusion. Then, the assessment of blood brain edema, and neurologic deficits analysis were done . Brain edema (brain water content) was analyzed by One-Way ANOVA using LSD method and neurologic deficits analysis by means of Mann-Whitney U, and P<0.05 was taken as the significant level.
Results: Origanum vulgare extract reduced brain edema in the experimental groups of 50 (82.49±0.47), 75 (80.89±0.63) and 100 mg/kg/day (80.80±0.66) compared to the control group (84.46±0.67). The neurologic deficit scores in the experimental groups of 75and 100mg/kg/day, compared with control group, but neurologic deficit scores did not affect the group receiving the dose 50 mg/kg.
Conclusion: The obtained data indicate that Origanum vulgar extract via reduction of brain edema and neurologic deficits scorescan have a protective effect on the stroke model.
Origanum vulgare, Stroke, Brain Edema, Neurologic Deficits, Antioxidants.
http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-1862-en.html
http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-1862-en.pdf
Birjand University of Medical Sciences
Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences
1607-2197
2423-6152
22
3
2015
11
1
Cytotoxic assessment of silver nanoparticles in embryonic development and kidney tissue in pregnant mice
218
228
FA
Bagher
seyedalipour
Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
b.alipour81@gmail.com
Ameneh
Arefifar
Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr Branch, Qaemshahr, Iran
ameneare@yahoo.com
Ramazan
Khanbabaee
Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr Branch, Qaemshahr, Iran;
khanbabae93@gmail.com
Seyed Mohammad
Hoseini
Department of veterinary pathobiology, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Islamic Azad University, Babol branch, Babol, Iran.
dr_hosseini2323@yahoo.com
Background and Aim: Regarding the widespread use of silver nanoparticles in medecine and lack of a detailed study of toxicity effects of these particles on fetus, this study was carried out to investigate histopathological changes of the kidneys and also embryonic development following exposure to silver nanoparticles.
Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, thirty five female NMRI mice were randomly divided into five equal groups i.e. one control group and four experimental groups. The experimental groups intraperitoneally (IP) received silver nanoparticles at concentrations of 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg/ kg . .every other day. On the 17th day of pregnancy, the mice were dissected and their kidneys and embryos tissues were separated and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histopathological examinations. .Finally, the obtained data was fed into SPSS software (V:16) using statistical tests including Kolmogrof-Smearnof, one-way variance analysis, Dante, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis and P<0.05 was taken as the significant level.
Results: Histopathological assessment of kidney tissue following IP administration of silver nanoparticle indicated pathological changes including congestion, necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, vacuolar degeneration compared to the control group. Our findings showed that silver nanoparticles during the gestation period affects fetal organogenesis, evolution of neural structure, liver lobulation and fetal growth retardation. Mean number of somites in groups receiving doses of 200 and 400 mg kg, . significantly reduced compared to the control group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The obtained results suggest that passing of silver nanoparticles through placenta is possible and damage caused by the particles could lead to the deformity or developmental retardation of the fetus.
Silver nanoparticles, Mice, Organogenesis, Cytotoxic, Kidney
http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-1807-en.html
http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-1807-en.pdf
Birjand University of Medical Sciences
Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences
1607-2197
2423-6152
22
3
2015
11
1
The effect of GABA A receptor antagonist - bicucullin - administration on the number of multiform neurons in the brain parabrachial nucleus due to pain induction of adult male rats
229
237
FA
Mahsa
Kamali
Biologist, Department of Biology & Young Researcher club Elite, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran;
mhs.kamali@gmail.com
kKzem
Javanmardi
Assistant proffesor.Department of physiology, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran.
javanmardi.K@gmail.com
Background and Aim: A lot of biological investigations are aimed to find pain decreasing or relieving substances that appear in various diseases. Parabrachial nucleus plays an important role in cognitive and emotional aspects of pain. The present study was designed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of bicuculine- as a GABA A receptor antagonist- on the number of multiform neurons in Parabrachial region of adult male rats in tonic pain model.
Materials and Methods: This experimental study was carried out on 40 Wistar male rats. Based on the pain induction, the animals were divided into 8 groups (n=5). Bicuculine was administrated in doses of 50, 100, and 200 ng/rat. Using stereotaxic method, Bicuculine was administrated to the rats` brain parabrachial area. The present study utilized Formalin test as a standard method for pain stimulations. Thereafter, Gimsa staining method was applied for histological determination of multiform cells. The obtained data was analyzed using statistical testsincluding Student-t and one-way ANOVA.
Results: Our data showed no significant changes in the number of multiform cells in Parabrachial nucleus between the animals administrated by bicuculine at the dose of 50 compared with the controls (P>0.05). Nevertheless, the number of these cells was decreased significantly in the animals administrated by bicuculine at the doses of 100 and 200 when compared to the controls (p<0.05).
Conclusion: It was found that nociceptive stimulations cause changes in the number of multiform neurons in para- brachial nucleus. Nevertheless, higher dose administration of GABA A receptor antagonist has preventive effects on neuronal dysmorphogenesis at this brain area.
Parabrachial region, Bicuculine, Multiform neurons, Formalin Test, GABA A receptor
http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-1858-en.html
http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-1858-en.pdf
Birjand University of Medical Sciences
Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences
1607-2197
2423-6152
22
3
2015
11
1
Effect Of Relaxation Education, Based on Theory of planned behavior On students’ painful dismenorrhea
238
247
FA
Zeinab
Jalambadani
Candidate, Health Education and Promotion, Department of Health Education and Promotion, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran, Iran.
jalambadaniz@gmail.com
Davoud
Shojaeezadeh
Health Education and Promotion, Department of Health Education and Promotion, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran, Iran.
shojaee@yahoo.com
Mostafa
Hosseini
Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics Department of, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran, Iran.
jalambadaniz@gmail.com
Roya
Sadeghi
Department of Health Education and Promotion, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran, Iran.
jalambadaniz@gmail.com
Background and Aim: Dysmenorrhea is one of the most common problems in females. “Theory of Planned Behavior” is one of the important theories that explains the main process of adopting health behaviors. The present study assessed applying “ the Theory of Planned Behavior in relaxation training regarding the severity and duration of painful dysmenorrhea in Mashhad girl students.
Materials and Methods: In this Semi-experimental study, 160 first year intermediate students of Mashhad city who suffered from dysmenorrhea were assessed.They had been randomly selected from 5 girl high- schools in the 6th educational district. They were divided into equal groups “case” and “control”. Intervention was made in four sessions. The requisite data was gathered by means of a researcher designed questionnaire before and 3 months after the education of the students. Finally, the obtained data was fed into SPSS software (v:16) using statistical tests including Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney, Independent T-test, Paired T and X2.
Results: After educational intervention, mean level of knowledge, attitude, perceived behavioral control, and willed performance of relaxation techniques significantly increased in the case group (P<0.05). These changes were not significant in the control group. Besides, no statistically significant difference in subjective norms was observed between the two groups after intervention. Meditation education group was increased significantly (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Education of relaxation base on the Theory of Planned Behavior is effective in reduced pain intensity and its duration.
Education ,Painful dysmenorrhea, Theory of planned behavior
http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-1776-en.html
http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-1776-en.pdf
Birjand University of Medical Sciences
Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences
1607-2197
2423-6152
22
3
2015
11
1
Prevalence and risk factors for abdominal aortic aneurysm in people over 65 years old who referred to the ultrasound centers of educational hospitals in Birjand in 2014
248
255
FA
Mahyar
Mohamadifard
Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Research Center, assistant Professor of Radiology, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran;
mahyarmohamdifard@yahoo.com
Alireza
Mamashli
Member of Student Research Committee, University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
Minoohealth@yahoo.com
Toba
Kazemi
Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Research Center, Professor of Cardiology, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
drtooba.kazemi@gmail.com
Background and Aim: Abdominal aortic aneurysm is an important mortality factor especially in old men. The present study aimed at investigating prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysm in people over 65 years old who referred to the ultrasonic centers in Birjand educational hospitals in 2014.
Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 1451 individuals were willingly selected from over 65 patients over 65 years old, with no history of abdominal aortic aneurysm who had referred to the ultrasonic centers of Imam Reza and Vali-e- Asr hospitals in 2014, .using simple non-probability sampling method. A Canadian ultrasonic device with 3.5 MHz Linea spherical probe was used for the measurement of aortic diameter while a questionnaire was used in order to record demographic information as well as risk factors. The obtained data was analyzed by SPSS (V:16) statistical software using Chi-square and independent-T tests at the significance level of P&le 0.05.
Results: It was found that out of 1451 patients ., 99 cases (6.8%) suffered from abdominal aortic aneurysm. Relative frequency of abdominal aortic aneurysm did notreveal a significant difference regarding the sex. However, prevalence of the risk of abdominal aortic aneurysm had a significant relationship with the .variables of age, diabetes, and dyslipidemia.
Conclusion: Due to high prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysm in people over 65 years, screening for of abdominal aortic aneurysm is suggested for the lederly.
Abdominal aortic aneurysm, Prevalence, Old age, Birjand
http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-1889-en.html
http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-1889-en.pdf
Birjand University of Medical Sciences
Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences
1607-2197
2423-6152
22
3
2015
11
1
Characterization of multi-drug resistant ESBL producing nonfermenter bacteria isolated from patients blood samples using phenotypic methods in Shiraz (Iran)
256
265
FA
Maneli
Amin Shahidi
Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
maneli1969@yahoo.com
Mojtaba
Anvarinejad
Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
manvarinejad@yahoo.com
Amin
Abbasian
Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
abbasiian@yahoo.com
Pejman
Abbasi
Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
abbasipegman@gmail.com
Noroddin
Rafaatpour
Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
rafaatpour@yahoo.com
Mohammad Ali
Dehyadegari
Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
mdehyadegari@yahoo.com
Bahman
Pourabbas
Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
maneli1969@yahoo.com
Gholam Reza
Pouladfar
Professor Alborzi Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
maneli1969@yahoo.com
Jalal
Mardaneh
Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran.
Jalalmardaneh@yahoo.com
Background and Aim: The emergence of nonfermenter bacteria that are resistant to multidrug resistant ESBL are nowadays a principal problem for hospitalized patients. The present study aimed at surveying the emergence of nonfermenter bacteria resistant to multi-drug ESBL producing isolated from patients blood samples using BACTEC 9240 automatic system in Shiraz.
Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 4825 blood specimens were collected from hospitalized patients in Shiraz (Iran), and positive samples were detected by means of BACTEC 9240 automatic system. The isolates containing nonfermenter bacteria were identified based on biochemical tests embedded in the API-20E system. Antibiotic sensitivity test was performed and identification of ESBL producing strains were done using phenotypic detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing isolates(DDST) according to CLSI(2013) guidelines.
Results: Out of 4825 blood samples, 1145 (24%) specimen were gram-positive using BACTEC system. Among all isolated microorganisms, 206 isolates were non-fermenting gram- negative bacteria. The most common non-fermenter isolates were Pseudomonas spp. (48%), Acinetobacter spp. (41.7%) ,and Stenotrophomonas spp. (8.2%). Seventy of them (81.4%) were Acinetobacter spp. which were ESBL positive. Among &beta-lactam antibiotics, Pseudomonas spp. showed the best sensitivity to piperacillin-tazobactam (46.5%).
Conclusion: It was found that &beta-lactam antibiotics are not effective against more than 40% of Pseudomonas spp. infections and 78% Acinetobacter infections. Emergence of multi-drug resistant strains that are resistant to most antibiotic classes is a major public health problem in Iran. To resolve this problem using of practical guidelines is critical.
Blood stream infection, Nonfermenter bacteria, Antibiotic resistance, ESBL.
http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-1775-en.html
http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-1775-en.pdf
Birjand University of Medical Sciences
Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences
1607-2197
2423-6152
22
3
2015
11
1
Measurement of CO concentrations in indoor and atmospheric ambient air of Birjand (September 2012 to March 2013)
266
273
FA
Ali
Naghizadeh
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
al.naghizadeh@yahoo.com
Gholamreza
Sharifzadeh
Social determinant of Health research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
REZAMOOD@bums.ac.ir
Marzieh
Khavari
Member of Student Research Committee, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
al.naghizadeh@yahoo.com
Background and Aim: One of the notorious air pllutants on which air quality is determined is carbon monoxide (CO). The aim of the present study was to measure the concentration of CO outdoor and indoor urban environments and compare it with air quality standards within buildings and open spaces.
Materials and Methods: This research was a descriptive-analytical study of CO estimation in outdoor and indoor air of Birjand. Concentration of CO at the height of 150 cm and in the closest street leading to the specific building and also, inside the building (i.e.drawing room)-at the hight of 75 cm was measured using a CO meter. For data analysis, statistical softwares SPSS (V:18) and Excel were used applying Mann-Whitney, Friedman, and Wilcoxon statistical tests.
Results: It was found that the highest concentrations of CO in the outdoor air in Birjand were 11 and 10 ppm in December and March, respectively. And highest concentrations of CO in indoor air were 11 and 9 ppm in February, respectively. But, in general, the average concentration of CO measured in outdoor and indoor air quality in both months were less than the standard measure air pollution outside (9ppm) and the quality of indoor air pollution (25ppm).
Conclusion: Regarding to results of the present study, concentrations of indoor and outdoor CO of Birjand air were in standard ranges.
Carbon monoxide, indoor air, outdoor air, Birjand.
http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-1900-en.html
http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-1900-en.pdf
Birjand University of Medical Sciences
Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences
1607-2197
2423-6152
22
3
2015
11
1
Relationships between Organizational Climate and Organizational Silence with Psychological Empowerment of Employees in Hospitals Affiliated with Birjand University of Medical Sciences; 2015
274
285
FA
Parviz
Aghaie Borzabad
Assistant Professor in Medical Education Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
aghaeiparv@gmail.com
Vahid
Yazdi Feyzabadi
Health Services Management Research Center, Institute for Futures Stuides in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
va.yazdi@gmail.com
Ebrahim
Rasuli Moghadam
MSc Student in Health Services Administration, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht Branch, Fars, Iran rasuli@bums.ac.ir
rasuli@bums.ac.ir
Background and Aim: Identifying factors associated with employees empowerment of their working centers can promote organizational performance of hospitals. The current study aimed at investigating the relationship of both organizational climate and organizational silence with psychological empowerment in the public hospitals affiliated with Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS).
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional and correlational study was carried out in 2015. Using a stratified randomized sampling, 400 employees were selected from the public. hospitals affiliated with BUMS. Data collection tools were. three self-administered questionnaires including organizational climate, organizational silence, and psychological empowerment. . Validity and reliability of the questionnaires were verified using experts judgment and Cronbach alpha coefficients more than 0.7, respectively. Data analysis was done by means of SPSS (V: 18) software using one sample t test, independent t test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and one-way ANOVA. The cut-off point of 70%.of Likert-type scale (3.5) was considered as an acceptable mean for each variable.
Results: The mean organizational climate and organizational silence was 2.45 and 3.18, respectively which did not correspond with an acceptable mean (P<0.05). Although the mean psychological construct which was 3.6 had an acceptable value, mean of the two other sub-variables i.e. “trust to others” and “self-determination” were 3.2±0.83 and 3.42±0.67, respectively; and they were not at an acceptable level (P<0.05). It is observed that both organizational climate and organizational silence were positively correlated to psychological empowerment with 0.6 and 0.58 coefficients, respectively (P<0.05).
Conclusion: It is suggested that the hospitals administrators should promote the psychological empowerment of their employees through improving organizational climate and decreasing organizational silence; and thus, increase their positive participation and employing deserved plans to improve workplace climate and eliminate the silence behavior through employee engagement and more opportunity to express their ideas.
Key Words: Organizational climate, organizational silence, psychological empowerment, public hospital
http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-1938-en.html
http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-1938-en.pdf
Birjand University of Medical Sciences
Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences
1607-2197
2423-6152
22
3
2015
11
1
Incidence of Phenylketonuria in Southern Khorasan (2012- 2014): Short Communication
286
292
FA
Zohre
Saadatinasab
Health center of Birjand, No 3, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
zohresaadati284@yahoo.com
Gholamreza
Sharifzadeh
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Department of Health, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
zohresaadati284@yahoo.com
Background and Aim: Phenylketonuria (PKU., OMIM261600) is the most common genetic disorder autosomal recessive mode of inheritance and the metabolism of amino-acids, which is due to deficiency of the liver enzyme phenylalanine - hydroxylase as a result of mutations in the gene encoding it is achieved. The present study aimed at investigating the incidence of PKU n the South Khorasan province between June 2012 and June 2014.
Materials and Methods: This study uses data from a national screening for phenylketonuria in South Khorasan Province was conducted. The present study was a retrospective descriptive one. Our data gathering tool included a researcher designed questionnaire and sampling consisted of all live births in the South Khorasan Province from June 2012 to June 2014. Finally, all the data was analyzed using the software SPSS version18.0.
Results: The total population screened was 30,368 people. Frequency of confirmed cases was 32 females and 1 male, whose parents were relatives. Incidence of mental retardation in the newborns was zero at the screening time. Incidence of the mentioned disease in Iranian subjects of the province was 0.996:10000 and in all the births, i.e both Iranians and the Afghans, it was0.987: 100000. Occurrence of the disorder in Ghaen was 3.68: 10000 and in the rest of the cities of the province equal to zero.
Conclusion: The results show that the incidence of phenylketonuria in the South Khorasan isvery low between 2012 and 2014, although there are considerable numbers of suspected cases. Therefore, continuing of the national screening program of newborns at birth is particularly important.
Phenylketonuria (PKU), Incidence, The South Khorasan Province
http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-1728-en.html
http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-1728-en.pdf