@article{ author = {Mofateh, Mohamadreza and Ziaeifard, Mohsen and Makhmalbaf, Gholamreza and nabei, Mohamm}, title = {A case report of Post-Varicella Epiglottitis}, abstract ={Varicella is an acquired childhood disease and it is a mild and self-limited one, whose complications in older individuals can be life-threatening. These complications usually appear 3 to 4 days after the appearance of varicella exanthems including pain, recurrent fever>38.5 and toxic appearance. Airway complications of varicella are rare. Acute supraglottitis mostly involves 2 to 6 year old children. Its spread is extremely fast and air-way obstruction is due to cellulites of supraglottic structures. Airway examination in a patient with epiglottitis that is a rare complication of varicella infection must be done in controlled condition or in an operating room and by highly- skilled specialists (e.g. surgeons and anesthesiologists). The patient must be admitted to the intensive care unit and be treated with suitable and effective antibiotics and respiratory care. Otherwise, mortality rate will be high. We report a 21 year old patient with post-varicella epiglottits. The patient after 5 days of exanthema, developed sore throat, stridor, dyspnea with sternal and intercostals retraction, tachypnea, fever and tachycardia. Sever epiglottits was seen on nasopharyngoscopy in operation room. Therefore, emergency tracheostomy was done and post direct laryngoscopy epiglottits was established and biopsy was performed. The patient admitted to the intensive care unit treated by broad spectrum antibiotic and discharged after a week with good general condition and a prescription.}, Keywords = {Varicella, Epiglottitis, Complications, Bacterial}, volume = {15}, Number = {1}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-266-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-266-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Mohajerzadeh, Leila and Khatami, Seyyed Mohamad and Amozegar, Mohammad has}, title = {Report of therapeutic effects of Granulocyte colony- stimulating factor in a patient with second and third- degree burns, having leukopenia and sepsis}, abstract ={  Bacterial infection following major burn injury leads to neutrophile dysfunction and neutropenia which results in serious sepsis. Administration of graolocyte-colon specific factor (G-CSF) is useful for treatment of neutropenia and decreasing the complications of severe infection following burn injuries. A 2- year old boy with major burn injury, despite administration of broad spectrum antibiotics, became neutropenic followed by serious sepsis. After administration of G-CSF, neutropenia was resolved. Finally, after surgical debridement and skin graft, the patient recovered and discharged.}, Keywords = {Graolocyte-colon specific factor, Neutropenia, Burn, Sepsis}, volume = {15}, Number = {1}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-265-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-265-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Habibi, Asghar and Najafisemnani, Mohamm}, title = {Evaluation of prostate specific antigen (PSA) level in healthy Birjandi males aged 40 to 80 years}, abstract ={  Background and Aim: Prostate cancer is one of the most prevalent type of cancer and the second cause of death among American men. Its prevalence has a direct relationship with increasing age. The present study was carried out to determine the level of prostate specific antigen (PSA) in Birjandi males aged between 40 and 80 years.   Material and Methods: In this prospective study, out of 628 healthy Birjandi males, 200 men who did not have any symptoms of prostate cancer were selected from different inner-city areas through cluster sampling during a period of two years (May 2003-June 2005). After the population was approved to have the necessary criteria to be included in the study, their PSA level was measured and its mean in four age groups 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, and 70-79 years was calculated. To rule out prostate cancer cases urinalysis test was done and the subjects underwent DRE (digital rectal examination), and prostate sonography. In order to determine mean difference among the four groups one-way variance analysis test and to determine "PSA" PSA Assay and Tandem-R kits were utilized.   Results: Mean and standard deviation of PSA in the 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, and 70-79 year groups was 0.6±0.04, 0.8±0.55, 1±0.09, and 1.4±1.57, respectively. Thus, there was a significant difference between mean level of PSA among the four groups (P<0.05). In a healthy sixty-year old male, e.g., yearly PSA increase is about 32% (0.04 ng/mL per year). Besides, prostate volume has a direct relationship to client's age while PSA density has a weak relationship to age.   Conclusion: With respect to the findings of the study, it could be confirmed that PSA level increases in healthy males while they grow older and because of its natural range at any age it can be used as a measure to screen for prostate cancer.}, Keywords = {Prostate apecific antigen, Digital rectal examination, Urinalysis, Birjand}, volume = {15}, Number = {1}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-264-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-264-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Namakin, Kokab and Sharifzadeh, Gholamreza and Miri, Mohamadrez}, title = {Prevalence of cigarette smoking and evaluation of attitude and knowledge in its high school boys in Birjand, 2005}, abstract ={  Background and Aim: Smoking tobacco products is one of the most important risk factors of noninfectious diseases, especially cardiovascular and cancers. This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of smoking tobacco products and evaluate knowledge and attitude of high school male students about smoking.   Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was done on Birjand high school male students selected through cluster multi- stage sampling in 2006. A questionnaire which included demographic information and questions about attitude (12), knowledge (17) and practice (4) concerning smoking. The obtained data was statistically analyzed by SPSS software using chi- square test at the significant level (α<0.05).   Results: Overall, 1233 cases were studied out of which 3.9% were smokers and 21.3% had experienced cigarette smoking. There was a positive correlation of parents' level of education with prevalence of cigarette smoking and smoking experience. Prevalence of smoking in students whose mothers were employees was more than those with housewife mothers. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). Besides, prevalence of smoking was in accord with education level. The most important cause of proneness to smoking was curiosity. 25.5% of the students had very little knowledge about the harms of smoking, 54.7% had moderate knowledge, and 19.8% had favorable knowledge. Attitude regarding the harms of smoking was weak in 5.1%, moderate in 48.3%, and good in 46.6%.   Conclusion: Although prevalence of smoking was low compared to other areas of the country, experiencing of smoking was high. Since knowledge and attitude of the students concerning smoking hazards was not satisfactory, implementing educational programmes and social interventions at high school level seems necessary in order to prevent smoking.}, Keywords = {Smoking, Students, Knowledge, Attitude, Prevalence}, volume = {15}, Number = {1}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-263-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-263-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Akbari, Asghar and Moodi, Hesam and Ghanad, Raziye}, title = {Prevalence of postural Shoulder Impairments in 10-12 Year Old Students in Primary Schools of Zahedan}, abstract ={  Background and Aim: Postural abnormalities of the scapula and the shoulder regions predisposes individuals to chronic pain. Because of improper position of primary school students, who are growing, the risk of adopting abnormal postures is common. In order to establish appropriate strategies to prevent these impairments, having accurate information about them is necessary. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of postural shoulder impairments in 10-12 year old students in primary schools of Zahedan in 2005.   Materials and Methods: One hundred and fifty-three primary school students ranging between 10 and 12 years were recruited to this study through multiple-stage cluster sampling. In order to measure the symmetry of shoulders a checkered board having 1sq centimeter boxes was used and another one with a red line in the center for protruded shoulders. For the assessment of scapular symmetry, the distance between inferior angles of the scapula to the seventh thoracic vertebra was measured by using Kibler test at 0, 45 and 90 degrees of shoulder abduction. The obtained data was analyzed by means of SPSS software using descriptive statistical tests e.g chi square and Fisher’s exact test.   Results: The level of dominant shoulder (89.7%) was higher than that of non - dominant shoulder in right - handed students. Scapular asymmetry was not at “0” (P=0.42) and “90” (P=0.3) degrees of shoulder abduction in dominant shoulders of right-handed students. Rounded shoulder was seen in 56.2% of students. In 61.6% of 10 year old students shoulders were protracted more than normal (P=0.002). No relationship was observed between writing activities at home (P=0.92) and at school (P=0.81) with developing rounded shoulder.   Conclusion: It was found that long term standing of primary students at abnormal positions, because of flexibility of musculoskeletal system, leads to developing protracted shoulders. The results also support the effectiveness of instructing students in adopting correct postural position when carrying a bag, and while writing to prevent shoulder postural impairments.}, Keywords = {Shoulder, Postural impairment, Primary school students, Scapular symmetry}, volume = {15}, Number = {1}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-262-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-262-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Amouian, Sakineh and Tayebimeybodi, Naser and Farhadi, Farzaneh}, title = {Assessment of efficiency and reproducibility of Sydney system in chronic gastritis grading}, abstract ={  Background and Aim: Chronic gastritis is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders and detection of its etiology especially Helicobacter pylori and risk factors of malignancy (atrophy and intestinal metaplasia) is, to a great extent, based on histological assessment. Therefore, a system which could sustain good reproducibility in reporting observations is very important. Today, the most frequently used system for assessment and grading of chronic gastritis is the Updated Sydney System. The aim of this study was to find out inter-observer agreement on each criterion of this system (i.e reproducibility rate ).   Materials and Methods: In this descriptive analytical study, 44 endoscopic gastric biopsy samples (with hematoxylin, eosin, and geimsa stains) were reviewed by two pathologists in turn. Each pathologist graded any of Sydney System criteria including chronic inflammation and H.P density level from 0-3 (absent, mild, moderate and severe) glandular atrophy and intestinal metaplasia from 0-1 (absence and presence). In addition, neutrophilic infiltration (activity of disease) was also graded from 0-3. Finally results of the observation were analaysed by means of McNemar statistical test and K coefficient   Results: The most/best inter-observer agreement was found on intestinal metaplasia ( K =0.84) representing. Good interobserver agreement was observed on chronic inflammation ( K =0.67), H.P density (K=0.62) and neutrophilic infiltration (K=0. 68). For glandular atrophy, agreement was the least (K=0.32)   Conclusion: Updated Sydney system is a useful system for the assessment and grading of chronic gastritis. In most cases there was good agreement between the observers. Reproducibility is evaluative differences in grading a specific feature and lack of standardized diagnostic criteria to charactrize its presence and degree.}, Keywords = {Gastritis, Sydney system, Reproducibility, Inter observer agreement}, volume = {15}, Number = {1}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-261-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-261-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Salehi, Moosa and Tabatabaei, seyyed Hamidreza and Ramezani, Abbasali and Asgharian, Atefeh and Heidari, Motahareh}, title = {The effect of health and nutrition education based on conceptual model to mothers on growth of their daughters attending junior high schools in Shiraz during 2006}, abstract ={  Back ground and Aim: According to the UNICEF’s Conceptual Model the behavior of those who somehow play a role in taking care of children significantly influences children’s growth as a feedback. Anthropometrical indices such as weight and height for age Z (HAZ and WAZ) are extensively utilized to determine malnutrition and growth rate.   Materials and Methods: In a quasi experimental study, three girls’ junior high schools -randomly selected from the fourth educational district in Shiraz- were assessed with regard to heights, weights, and age utilizing EPI software. After HAZ and WAZ were measured, girls whose HAZ and WAZ were less than (-1) were included in the study. Mothers of these girls were invited to participate in a weekly training program on health, nutrition, and exercise/activity at school. Five months after the beginning of the program, the subjects were weighed, their height re-recorded, and HAZ and WAZ were re-measured. Girls of three similar schools from Educational District No 3(which was economically similar to No 4) were selected as the control group (CG), but mothers of these girls were not trained during this time, and all the relevant indexes were measured both at the beginning and at the end of the period of five months. Finally, the obtained data was analysed by means of linear trend in ratios, statistical paired-t, and independent t at the significant level of P≤0.05.   Results: Significant growth (P=0.038) of WAZ, but an insignificant result regarding HAZ (P=0.34) were observed such changes were not significant among the CG. Transferring the girls under study from the area with severe/ moderate malnutrition to the area having slight malnutrition was proved to be significant during the period (P<0.05). Conclusion: Educating parents about health and nutrition resulted in the expected growth indices among 25% of the girls and improvement of growth among all girls suffering from severe malnutrition.}, Keywords = {Education, Conceptual model, Nutrition, Growth}, volume = {15}, Number = {1}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-260-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-260-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Asgari, Sedigheh and Amini, Farahnaz and Naderi, Ghalamali and Roozbahani, Rez}, title = {Relationship between opium addiction and cardiovascular risk factors}, abstract ={  Background and Aim: Narcotics abuse is associated with major problems in society worldwide. Among addictive substances, opium has been used and abused for centuries. Unfortunately, the lay people-and even a limited number of physicians believe that opium has a number of beneficial effects on cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the present investigation, as a cross-sectional study, was to verify this hypothesis.   Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study which was carried out in the cardiovascular research center of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 360 smokers addicted to opium were taken as the case group and an equal number of smokers not addicted to opium as the control group. The blood morphine concentration in both groups was measured by ELISA method. The obtained data was analysed by SPSS software, using Student-t test, and ANOVA at the significant level of P≤0.05.   Results: The results show a direct correlation between blood morphine concentration and period of addiction. HbA1C, CRP, factor VII, apo B, Lpa, were significantly higher in the case subjects compared with their level in the controls. The levels of hemoglobin glycolysis factors HbA1c, CRP factor VII, LPa, fibrinogen in the cases were significantly higher than the corresponding levels in the controls (P<0.05) .HDL and anti-oxidative capacity were also significantly lower in the case group (P<0.05) but FBS w3as insignificantly lower than the controls.   Conclusion: The results show that opium has a deleterious effect on new cardiovascular risk factors (Lpa, CRP and apo B). Although it seems to improve a few of them, the effects are of a short duration and are principally not genuine.}, Keywords = {Opium, Biochemical factors, Cardiovascular risk factors, Addiction}, volume = {15}, Number = {1}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-259-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-259-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {sajjadi, Moosa and Kooshyar, Hadi and Vaghei, Saed and Esmaeli, Habibollah}, title = {The effect of self-care education on depression in patients undergoing hemodialysis}, abstract ={  Background and Aim: Depression is the most common and important psychological disorder among End-Stage Renal Failure cases especially those undergoing hemodialysis so that, it can have negative effects on the quality of life, treatment acceptance and process of illness. Regarding that patients’ participation in self-care activities can help them in their independence and compatibility with their illness and improving of their quality of life (QOL) in all aspects., Therefore, this study was done aiming at determining the effect of self-care education on depression in patients undergoing hemodialysis”.   Materials and Methods: This study was a randomized controlled trial, which was accomplished in the hemodialysis ward of Imam Reza and Hefdeh-e- shahrivar hospitals in Mashhad in 2006. Sixty samples were selected from patients undergoing hemodialysis through convenience and purposeful method and then divided into two (case and control) groups randomly. After need assessment of the patients about self-care, case group education was accomplished by utilizing an educational booklet and holding two sessions (average length of each 45 minutes) with a lapse of one week between them. Depression in both groups before and one month after intervention was measured by CES-D questionnaire. The obtained data was analyzed by statistical tests, paired-T, independent T, x2, Fisher, Mann-Whitney, and general linear model using SPSS software (11.5) and P £ 0.05 was taken as the significant level.   Results: Mean age of the patients was 42.3±12.1 years. 62.5% were males, 78.6% were unemployed, 76.8% married, 42.9% were underpaid, and 33.9% had elementary education. There was not a significant difference between the two groups in these variables. Mean depression score before education (23.7±7.1) and after education (17.2±6.7) showed a significant decrease in the case group (P<0.001). Comparison of mean depression between the case (17.2±6.7) and control group (21.8±6) after the study revealed a significant difference, (P=0.01) while there was no significant difference between them before the research (P=0.40). Mean depression rate in the control group before the study (22.2±5.4) and after the study (21.8±6/0) did not show a significant difference (P=0.51).   Conclusion : In order to have constant and efficient participation in self-care activities of, patients undergoing hemolysis, they need to receive continuous education regarding self-care and adaptation to disease, so that various physical and mental problems they are facing would be decreased.}, Keywords = {End stage renal disease, Depression, Self-care education, Hemodialysis}, volume = {15}, Number = {1}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-258-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-258-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Tabei, seyyed ziyaodin and safae, akbar}, title = {HTLV1 infection in the world and Khorasan}, abstract ={  Since thee beginning of the present century retroviruses have been reported as causative factors that produced transmissible tumors in birds. However, in 1980 Poiesz et al, established, for the first time, a link between a retrovirus and leukemia called Human Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 (HTLV1). Over the course of past 27 years the epidemiology of human T lymphotropic Virus type l has matured. The geographic distribution of the virus has been defined, although some puzzles persist such as the high prevalence in southwestern Japan but low prevalence in neighboring regions of Korea, China and eastern Russia and also a region of high prevalence in Iran. This virus causes two distinct diseases Adult T-cell leukemia / lymphoma and HTLV1 associated myelopathy/ tropical spastic paraparesia. The virus has worldwide spread now, although in some areas it is endemic. Transmission modes of the virus are through sexual contact, breast feeding, injecting infected products, and using infected needles. For the first time in Iran, Tabei et al, reported two Khorasani cases of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma with hypercalcemia in 1986 and then Farid and Tabei reported 13 other cases from Khorasan. Now it is confirmed that Mashhad is an endemic area for HTLV1 in the world. This review will discuss the epidemiology, biology, mode of transmission, diseases induced by HTLVI prevention of the disease and treatment of the patient.}, Keywords = {Human Lymphotropic Virus Type 1, Khorasan, Adult T cell leukemia, Lymphoma, Myelopathy, Tropical spastic paraparesia}, volume = {15}, Number = {1}, pages = {5-16}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-253-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-253-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Rezaian, J. and Movahedin, Mansooreh and Mowlla, Jav}, title = {Study of histological changes in the testes and sperm parameters of the mice after contusive spinal cord injury}, abstract ={  Background and Aim: Infertility is one of the major problems associated with contusive spinal cord injury (SCI). Sperm qualities such as low viability, low motility, and increase in abnormal morphology are complications arising from infertility following SCI. The purpose of this study was to evaluate testicular changes and spermatic parameters after contusive spinal cord injury in the mice.   Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, a total of 75 adult NMRI mice were divided into 3 groups: SCI, sham, and control.In the SCI group, following laminectomy without any damage to dura matter, the spinal cord was hit with a 2 gr weight dropped from a distance of 2.5 cms onto the exposed dura matter in the 9th thoracic vertebra while the control group was not exposed to any type of damages or medications. In the sham group, only laminectomy was performed. The epididymal sperms were prepared after one day, one, two, four, and six weeks .The data was analyzed by means of SPSS software using one-way ANOVA statistical test.   Results: The present study demonstrated that SCI is effective on the parameters of sperm. On the first day, none of the parameters were significantly different with those in the control group. In the 1st and 2nd weeks significant reduction in sperm morphology and viability rates was observed in the experimental group (P<0.05) compared to the control group. All parameters of sperm had significant changes in the 4th and 6th weeks compared with the control group (P<0.05). Besides, histological change was observed in the testes tissue, integrity of seminiferous epithelium basal membrane was reduced, and testicular capsule thickness increased.   Conclusions: It was shown that spinal cord injury decreases motility, viability, and changes morphology of the mice sperm.}, Keywords = {Spinal cord injury, Contusion, Sperm parameters, Testes}, volume = {15}, Number = {1}, pages = {17-25}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-254-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-254-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Khazae, Majid and Afshar, Mohammad and Haghparast, Elham}, title = {The effect of dietary L-Arginine on aortic endothelial permeability and level of blood lipoprotein in high-cholesterol fed rats}, abstract ={  Background and Aim: Nitric oxide (NO) is a substance which protects vessels against atherogenic effects. Previous studies have shown that there is a direct relationship between increasing of permeability of endothelial cells and formation and progression of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of L-Arginine in permeability of aortic endothelial cells and serum lipoprotein level in high-cholesterol fed rats.   Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 36 male rats were divided into two groups one with a normal and the other with a high-cholesterol diet .Then each group was divided into two sub-groups :Group “a” used L-Arginine 2.25% in water and group”b” used safe drinking water. After eight weeks, the right carotids of the animals were cannulated and 20 mg/kg of Evans Blue was injected into the subjects. Then, the whole aorta of each animal was dissected and put in 2.5ml formamid solution. After 24 hs, absorbance of the solution was measured by means of spectophotometer. Finally, the obtained data was analysed by SPSS software using one-way ANOVA, and Tukey statistical test and P≤0.05 was taken as the significant level.   Results: L-Arginine decreased endothelial permeability in aorta in rats feeding on high-cholesterol foods in comparison with the control group. (P<0.005). In addition, L-Arginine reduced the LDL level in the blood serum of rats with a high-cholesterol diet in comparison with the control group (P<0.005).   Conclusion: Administration of L-Arginine has a protective effect on the permeability of endothelium of aortic vessels in hypercholesterolemic condition.}, Keywords = {L-Arginine, Cholesterol, Endothelial Permeability}, volume = {15}, Number = {1}, pages = {26-33}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-255-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-255-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Varasteh, A and Jabbari, F and Sankian, M}, title = {Food allergy}, abstract ={Food allergy can be defined as adverse, immunomediated reactions to foods that occur in certain individuals. Food allergy is being increasingly recognized as a public health problem over the last few decades. It has been estimated that up to 10% of children and less than 2% of adults suffer from some type of food allergy. The situation varies in different countries depending on dietary eating pattern. Usually food allergens are proteins or glycoproteins with a molecular weight ranging from 10-70 kDa. Depending on the route of sensitization, food allergy is the result of either genuine reactivity to comestibles through the gastrointestinal tract (class I food allergens) or secondary sensitization to cross-reactive food allergens as a consequence of the initial reactivity to homologous pollen-related allergens (class II food allergens). An allergenic reaction occurs after an initial sensitization to a food allergen where IgE antibodies are produced. Subsequent exposures to the allergen may result in activation/degranulation of mast cells and basophiles (due to cross linking of IgE antibodies by allergens) and release biological mediators (such as histamine) that manifest in observable reaction such as hives, rashes, and anaphylactic shock. Diagnosis of food allergies could be based on in vitro or/and in vivo tests such as clinical history, physical examination, Prick test, elimination of suspected foods from the patient’s diet and different types of food challenge tests. The elimination of food allergens from the diet, pharmacological treatment, immunothrapy and supplementary treatments are the most common treatments. In recent years, the use of recombinant food allergens recruiting genetic engineering, allows highly sensitive detection of sensitization profiles.}, Keywords = {Allergy, Allergen, Food allergy}, volume = {15}, Number = {2}, pages = {5-20}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-273-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-273-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Mortazavi, SMJ. and Daiee, E. and Ghasemi, M. and BalaliMood, M.}, title = {Mercury Release from Dental Amalgam Restorations after Exposure to Microwave Radiation Emitted from Mobile Phones}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Mercury or Hydrargyrum (Hg) is the most non-radioactive toxic element known. Dental amalgam is made up of 50% mercury.. Electromagnetic fields may increase the emission of mercury from dental amalgam fillings. It was thus aimed to study the effects of electromagnetic fields of mobile use on the level of mercury released from dental amalgam restorations. Materials and Methods: In this case control clinical trial, study urinary mercury concentrations of 14 healthy University students were measured both before amalgam restoration (zero level), and on days 1, 2, 3 and 4 after restoration. All the subjects had the same diet. Dental treatment was given for all 14 students regarding 2 molars on one side (i.e the side of cellphone exposure), one class I and one class II restorations with identical volume and surface area of the amalgam fillings). All the students had not used mobile phones before the study and did not have any previous amalgam restorations. The test group consisting of seven female students were exposed to microwave radiation emitted from a Nokia 3310 mobile phone (SAR=0.96 W kg-1) that was in talk mode for 15 minutes on days 1-4 after restoration. Seven other female students who had the same condition matched the first group except exposure to microwave radiation were taken as the controls. Urine samples were collected 1 hour after each mobile use (real exposure) and one hour without mobile use (false exposure). After freezing, the samples were sent to the Toxicology Laboratory of Imam Reza Hospital (Mashhad, Iran) and mercury levels in samples were measured by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry. The obtained data was analysed by means of a statistical software (SPSS version 13.0) and statistical tests of ANOVA and Student-t at the significant level of P≤0.05. Results: Our study demonstrated an elevation of mercury level released from dental amalgam fillings after exposure to microwave radiation emitted form mobile phones. Mean (±SE) concentration levels of mercury in urine samples in the case group were 2.43±0.25, 2.71±0.27, 3.79±0.25, 4.8± 0.27 and 4.5±0.32 g/L one day before the amalgam restoration and on days 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. But mean Hg concentration levels in controls were 2.07±0.22, 2.34±0.30, 2.51±0.25, 2.66± 0.24 and 2.76±0.32 g/L on the respective days. Conclusion: Results obtained from this study show a significant increase of the mercury release in urine after mobile phone use. This finding confirms early reports that showed an increased release of mercury from dental amalgam restorations in undersea welding.}, Keywords = {Mobile phones, Electromagnetic fields, Mercury, Dental amalgam}, volume = {15}, Number = {2}, pages = {21-28}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-274-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-274-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {FalSoleiman, H. and Mohammadi, A.}, title = {Comparison of carvedilol and metoprolol in heart failure management}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Heart failure is one of the most prevalent diseases with high mortality and disability. Beta blockers are among basic drugs treating the disorder and leading to reduction in cardiovascular mortality, and improvement of symptoms and left ventricular function. Regarding the increasing prevalence of this disease, the present study was carried out to compare carvedilol with metoprolol in the treatment of patients with heart-failure. Material and Methods: In this analytical and prospective study, which was carried out between March 2005 and June 2006, 73 patients with advanced heart failure (ejection fraction=EF= %30-35%) and functional class (FC) I to III were followed up for 6 months. 38 cases of the patients received metoprolol tartrate and 33 cases received carvedilol. Clinical data and left ventricular (LV) function indices before and after treatment as shown in echocardiography were recorded in a questionnaire. Then, these changes were compared statistically by means of SPSS (11.5). Results: Mean age of the patients in the metprolol group was 576.6 and in the carvedilol was 56.87.3 years. Average daily dose of metoprolol and carvedilol was 75 mg and 25 mg respectively. Heart rate and blood pressure reduction due to respective treatments (NYHA class) Improvement was similar in two groups. Functional class of patients in both groups improved one degree (P<0.001) .In metoprolol treated patients. Left Ventricular End Diastolic Diameter (LEDD) and Left Ventricular End Systolic Diameter (LVESD) reductions were 8.7mm and 2.3mm (P<0.001, P<0.001) as well as Left Ventricular End Diastolic Volume (LVEDV) and Left Ventricular End Systolic (LVES) reductions were 4.3 cc and 7.3 cc (P=0.008, P<0.001), respectively. Mean EF increased 3.3%. (P=0.000). In carvedilol treated patients LEDD and LESD reduced 2.78 mm (P<0.001) and 1.57 mm (P=0.045) and LVEDV & LVES reduced 2.3 cc (P=0.53) and 7.3 cc (P=0.007), respectively, and mean EF Increased 2.2% (P=0.004). There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups. Conclusion: In heart failure patients with FC I to III both metoprolol tartrate and carvedilol administration improves symptoms of the disease and LV function. In this study no significant differences were observed between the effects of the two drugs.}, Keywords = {Carvedilol, Metoprolo, Heart failure, Beta blocker}, volume = {15}, Number = {2}, pages = {29-36}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-275-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-275-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Fazel, AR. and Nikravesh, MR. and Jalal, M.}, title = {Distribution of Aleuria aurantia fucose-specific lectin binding sites in neuronal projection, during mouse morphogenic periods}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Various investigations have shown that fucosylated glycoconjugates components of the cell surface and extracellular matrix play crucial roles in critical morphogenetic and histogenetic events along neuronal projections of immature neurons during embryonic development. In addition, fucosylated glycoconjugate within the axoplasm of the adult neurons is involved in fast transporting protein molecules (FTP). The aim of the present study was to investigate whether fucose terminal sugar is present during early projection of developing central nervous system. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 24 female Balb/C mice were selected randomly and from embryonic day 10 to 15, all specimens were sacrificed and their embryos were fixed, serially sectioned and lectin histochemistry carried out. by using LTA-1, UEA-1 and OFA which are all specific to fucose. Results: Our study revealed that among the three fucose binding lectins tested only OFA (Aleuria aurantia) reacted with the neural tube during development.These reactions in motor and sensory zones of spinal cord started on the eleventh day of embryonic period and ended by the fourteenth day. During this period anterior, lateral and posterior funiculus, neuronal fibers in alar and basal plates as well as medium-sized neurons around posterior root ganglion showed reactions. The other fucose specific lectins, UEA-1 and LTA, failed to bind to any part of spinal cord during neurolation Conclusion: These data indicate that fucosylated glacoconjugate specific for Aleuria aurantia appears to play a crucial role in neuronal projection during early mouse neurolation and may illustrate also the decisive function of this molecule in controlling cell surface interactions during neuronal development}, Keywords = {Neural tube development, Lectin histochemistry, Fucose, Mouse}, volume = {15}, Number = {2}, pages = {37-45}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-276-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-276-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Sadeghian, MH. and Sharifi, N. and Ayatallahi, H. and KhajehDaloei, M.}, title = {Angiogenesis in acute leukemia and comparing it with normal bone marrow}, abstract ={  Background and Aim: Angiogenesis is essential in the progression and metastasis of solid tumors. It has been proved that increase in angiogenesis within primary solid tumors is actually associated with nodal metastasis and risk prognosis of some malignancies. In contrast, regarding hematologic neoplasms very limited studies have been done. The goal of the present study was to determine MVD (Microvessel density) in acute leukemia and compare it with MVD in normal tissues.   Materials and Methods: In this study 30 cases with acute leukemia and 30 normal controls were selected. These had been diagnosed and archived in the pathology department of Mashhad Ghaem hospital .Their blocks and slides were prepared and examined. After their final approving, the paraffin blocks were thinly sliced and the slices were immunohistochemically stained for VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) Immunohistochemical slides were evaluated for hot spots of MVD in the tissue in the microscopic field of vision with 400 times magnification.   Results: MVD or angiogenesis in acute leukemia was 20.2% which was obviously more than that in the controls (6.9%).The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.001).   Conclusion: Angiogenesis in acute leukemia is significantly higher compared with the controls (who had normal tissues).But there was no significant difference between acute myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia.}, Keywords = {Acute Leukemia, Microvessel density (MVD), Immunohistochemistry, Angiogenesis}, volume = {15}, Number = {2}, pages = {46-53}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-277-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-277-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Madani, H. and Navipour, H. and Roozbayani, P. and Mousavinasab, N.}, title = {Effects of self- care program education of patients on complications of multiple sclerosis}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and incurable disease of central nervous system (CNS), which causes a lot of complications and problems for patients and leads to their life dependency and disability. Thus, it is necessary to utilize appropriate methods and interventions in order to reduce these problems in MS patients. The purpose of this research, which was done in the Iranian MS Society, was to find out the effects of a self- care education program on complications of MS patients. Materials and Methods: In this quasi – experimental study, 34 patients with MS were selected based on purposive and accessible sampling method. Before implementing the education program, primary information (demographic data and complications resulting from MS) were collected through demographic and health- problem index questionnaires. After studying the obtained data and identifying the complications resulted and the necessary care program instructional classes were held for seven sessions to acquaint MS patients with causes, diagnostic methods, treatment, and self-care programs as regards its complications. Then, self-care programme was followed by patients for one month and researchers, too, checked the subjects through reportorial revision checklists. Again, health-problem index questionnaires were filled out by the same subjects after one month. Pre/Post intervention data were analysed by means of SPSS software, descriptive statistical methods, including Student paired-t, and Wilcoxon tests at the significant level P<0.05. Results: There was a highly significant (P=0.0001) difference between the rate of complications before and after the self-care education programme the mean score increased from “3” to “26.76” before and after education, respectively. .Moreover, before the intervention 26.5 % of the subjects had muscular seizure, 55.9% fatigue, 44.1% constipation, and 23.5% suffered from amnesia. But after one month, these percentages changed to 5.9%, 14.7%, 11.8%, and 14.7% respectively (P<0.05). Conclusion: Self-care education increases patients’ taking self- care and reduces some of the complications of MS. Therefore, it is recommend that self- care education programs should be used to decrease these complications.}, Keywords = {Multiple Sclerosis, Self-care, Symptoms of MS disease}, volume = {15}, Number = {2}, pages = {54-59}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-278-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-278-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Sheikholeslami, H. and Ziaee, A. and Shariatmadari, M.}, title = {Evaluation of clinical manifestation, laboratory data and precipitating factors in patients with Diabetic ketoacidosis in educational and medical care center of Booali Sina in Ghazvin (1999-2004)}, abstract ={Background and aim: ِDiabetic ketoacidosis is one of the major complications of diabetes whose due treatment can reduce its mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical manifestation, laboratory data and precipitating factors in admitted patients to Booali hospital in Ghazvin. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive retrospective study, all medical files of DKA patients between 1999 and 2004 in Ghazvin Booali hospital were surveyed. Totally, 60 episodes were evaluated with respect to clinical features, lab. findings and hospital mortality. Finally, the obtained data was statistically analyzed by means of SPSS software. Results: Mean±SD age of patients was 26.63±11.74. Females and males were 60% and 40%, respectively. Mean±SD hospitalization time was 7.2±3.9 days. DKA as the first symptom of diabetes occurred in 18.3% of clients. Feebleness and weakness were the most common complaint in 50% of patients, 75% were alert to their problem when hospitalized. Fever was detected in 50 %.The mean PH was 7.1±0.1. Hyponatremia occurred in 25%, urinary tract infection (UTI) in 54%, and hypoglycemia in 23% of the patients. During management, recurrent DKA was found in 3.3% and mortality rate was 5%. Conclusion: Regarding the results of the study, which confirms lack of knowledge of the clinical staff as to how to confront and manage DKA-as a medical emergency due education in this field can reduce prevalence and mortality of DKA.}, Keywords = {Diabetes, Diabetes ketoacidosis, Hypoglycemia}, volume = {15}, Number = {2}, pages = {60-64}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-279-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-279-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Sajjadi, F. and MohammadiFard, N. and Khosravi, A. and Bahonar, A. and Maghroon, M. and Fathi, M. and Alikhasi, H.}, title = {: Nutritional knowledge attitude and practice of health professionals about cardiovascular diseases.}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Non-communicable diseases especially cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a major health problem in all communities. Moreover, the best preventive measure concerning such diseases is the improvement of lifestyles in which proper nutrition has an important role. Thus, health-care providers have an important role in teaching proper nutrition to the community. The aim of present study was to determine nutritional knowledge, attitude and practice of health-care providers about CVD prevention. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional and descriptive study, 1421 health professionals including physicians, adepts, health technicians, health workers, and health volunteers were chosen. Nutritional knowledge, attitude and practice of the subjects were determined by means of a questionnaire. Food consumption frequency of these health professionals was determined by using a food frequency questionnaire and their respective mean weekly frequency of food consumption was analyzed by means of one-way ANOVA and P≤0.05 was taken as the significant level. Frequency of correct nutritional practice in health professionals was calculated through Chi-Square test. Results: Mean percent of knowledge and attitude scores of health professional were 43±17.7 and 59.3±31.2 respectively. Physicians’ knowledge, attitude, and practice was significantly more than those of other professionals (P<0.05). Physicians had better nutrition practice compared with other health professionals (P<0.05). Conclusion: High knowledge, attitude, and correct practice of most physicians in comparison with other groups is related to their higher education and their better economical and social status. Other health professionals’ practice to inform people about some of basic food stuffs is not enough. Then, with regard to the preventive role of nutrition in CVD, more education of the health staff is necessary.}, Keywords = { Knowledge, Attitude and practice, Health professionals, Cardiovascular diseases}, volume = {15}, Number = {2}, pages = {65-72}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-280-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-280-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Sharifzadeh, GhR. and Raghebi, S. and Zeraatkar, V. and Moodi, M.}, title = {Prevalence of malnutrition in under 6- year old children in South Khorasan in 2006}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Malnutrition is one of the important health problems throughout the world, particularly in developing countries, which has undesirable effects on mental and physical health of children. It is an underlying factor of infection and an important cause of child mortality in these countries. The aim of this study was to find out the prevalence of malnutrition in children under 6 in south Khorasan in 2006. Materials and Methods: This cross sectional and descriptive analytical study was done on 1807 children under 6 in south Khorasan, belonging to six urban and rural regions, applying multistage cluster sampling methodology. Data collection was done by trained family-health associates and family-health workers through measuring of weight and height for Seca, and structural questionnaires ANIS, and face-to-face interviews with mothers. To study malnutrition, three indices were used namely “weight to age” (underweight),”weight to height”(leanness),and “height to age”(shortness).The obtained data was analyzed by means of chi-square test, SPSS software and EPI-Info 2000, and α= 0.05 was taken as the significant level. Results: Out of 1807 children 51.7% were males, 52.2% were living in urban areas and 37% were under 24 months old and the rest over 24. Weight index showed that 52.2% were normal, 34.4% were lightly under weight, 11.7% moderately underweight and 1.2% were severely underweight. Prevalence of underweight had a significant relationship to habitation, mother's job and parents' education level. Regarding standing criteria 55% were normal, 28.4% were lightly short, 12.7% were moderate, and 3.9% were extremely short. Stunting had a significant relationship to habitation, age, mother's job and parents' level of education (P<0.05). Wasting criteria showed that 67.8% had normal wasting, 24.7% light wasting, 5.9% moderate wasting and 1.6% had severe wasting. This had a significant relationship to sex and habitation (P<0.05). Conclusion: With regard to high prevalence of malnutrition in children and its relationship to socio-economic variables, measures such as increasing parents’ education especially mothers' knowledge, constancy of breast feeding until the age of 2 years, and promoting nutrition status of children under 6 years and mothers’ knowledge of children’s nutrition are recommended.}, Keywords = {Malnutrition, Six year old children, South Khorasan, Underweight, Wasting, Stunting}, volume = {15}, Number = {2}, pages = {73-79}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-282-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-282-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Izadpanah, AM. and MashreghyMoghadam, HR. and Ziaee, M. and Foadaldini, M. and Ebadian, FS.}, title = {Anti HBs level in nursing staff of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Hepatitis B virus is the cause of acute and chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Its prevalence has been reported to be 0.1%-0.5% and 1.6%-6.5% in the United States and Iran respectively. At present, the only sure preventive measure is vaccination but it does not create absolute (100%) immunity. Antibody production is between 79% to 90%, which occurs three days after vaccination. Antibody level decreases as time goes by. The present study was done aiming at determining immunogenicity due to complete hepatitis B vaccination in the nursing staff and its relationship with variables such as age, sex, body mass index, working place, and period of time elapsed after the last dose of vaccine. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross sectional study was done in 2004 on 112 nursing staff of Birjand Medical Sciences University hospitals "Vally-e-asr" and "Imam Reza", who had been vaccinated three times and two months to five years elapsed after their last vaccination. First, 4 ml of blood was taken from each subject as their personal information was recorded in a questionnaire. Then, the samples were quantitatively measured by means of Italian Radium Kits using Anti-HBs ELISA. Results: The Study revealed that antibody titer was over 10 mIU/ml in 88.4% of the subjects.11.6% did not have protective antibody but its level was relative and appropriate in 12.5% and 75.9% respectively .There was no significant correlation between HBs-Antibody level and variables such as sex, age, ward, and body mass index in the subjects (P>0.05). Conclusion: Regarding that 11.6% of the subjects did not have protective antibody at all it is suggested that anti-HBs level should be measured in the nursing staff and non-immune- ones must be revaccinated.}, Keywords = {Vaccination, Hepatitis B, Prevention, Nursing staff, HBs-antibody}, volume = {15}, Number = {2}, pages = {80-85}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-287-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-287-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {MortazaviMoghaddam, Gh}, title = {A case report of Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension associated with antiphospholipid syndrome}, abstract ={While pulmonary thromboembolism is common, thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension is very rare. The present case is a 35 year old woman with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, who presented with severe dyspnea and leg edema, following an earlier thrombotic event of 10 years earlier, after her her second childbearing. She also had a history of the first childbearing complicated with congenital heart disease and death of her infant by the age of 5 months. Despite conventional treatments for pulmonary thromboembolism including anticoagulants, her condition developed to severe pulmonary hypertension. The investigations including spiral CT confirmed bilateral pulmonary artery thrombosis, positive antiphospholipid antibody and negative serologic tests for rheumatic disease. Besides, the patient showed no symptoms of systemic vasculitis. Therefore, it was diagnosed that the patient had primary antiphospholipid syndrome without underlying rheumatic disease. Thus, the patient was referred to a thoracic surgeon for endarterectomy because of severe pulmonary hypertension (105 mlHg). However, due to extensive bilateral thrombotic involvement of pulmonary artery, surgical treatment was refused. Treatment with prednisolone 60mg/d and warfarin with high dose was carried out. The clinical condition was improved and dyspnea, edema and general condition recovered. The probable role of this syndrome in the development of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, neonatal congenital heart disease, and also therapeutic strategies will be discussed in this report.}, Keywords = {Pulmonary hypertension, Antiphospholipid syndrome, Congenital heart disease}, volume = {15}, Number = {2}, pages = {86-91}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-288-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-288-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Kalbasi, S. and Akhbari, H. and SharifiMood, F.}, title = {Inappropriate unilateral adrenalectomy in two cases of Cushing’s disease (Pituitary adenoma)}, abstract ={Cushing’s syndrome which is an uncommon but lethal disorder occurs due to many causes. The most common endogenous cause is Cushing’s disease or pituitary Cushing. The etiology of this disorder is an adenoma in the anterior pituitary. The most important point in the treatment of this disorder is differentiation between Cushing’s disease (pituitary) and Cushing’s syndrome (adrenal). We can differentiate up to 90% of cases with hormonal test and radiologic anatomy .The incidence ratio of the disorder in females to males is approximately 5:1. Bilateral adrenal hyperplasia, which is seen in Cushing’s disease, is caused by long adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion. This long acting secretion may cause formation of nodules in adrenals. Sometimes these unilateral nodules may cause misdiagnosis. In this article, two cases of cushing’s disease which had been misdiagnosed and led to unilateral adrenalectomy are reported. These surgeries were not effective and after proper hormonal tests approving occurrence of Cushing’s disease, both cases had Trans-Sphenoidal Surgery (TSS). After surgery the symptoms in the cases decreased. But both patients had a recurrence of the disease. Now, by means of radiotherapy and medical adrenalectomy (ketoconazole treatment) both of them are under control.}, Keywords = {Cushing’s syndrome, Cushing’s disease, Adrenalectomy, Trans- Sphenoidal Surgery (TSS)}, volume = {15}, Number = {2}, pages = {92-97}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-289-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-289-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {F.Tavassoli, and J.SharifianAttar, and N.Ghomian, and M.Talebi, and M.AfzalAghaei,}, title = {Effect of Gabapentin on reduction of hot flash in menopausal women}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Hot flash affects approximately 75% of women at menopausal age and 40% of perimenopaursal ones. Those who experience hot flashes have higher rates of sleep and temper disturbances than women not affected by hot flashes. The present study was done to investigate whether treatment with an anticonvulsant drug such as gabapentin would be effective in reducing hot flash frequency and severity in menopausal women. Materials and Methods: In a clinical-trial study 100 postmenopausal women with an average of seven or more hot flashes per day, which were accompanied by sweating ,were randomly divided into case group(receiving 300 mg of gabapentin daily) and control group(receiving placebos) for a period of 8 weeks. The obtained data was analysed by means of statistical soft wares PASS 2004, SPSS, using statistical tests 2, t, and Mann- Whitney at P≤0.05 as the significant level. Results: After 8 weeks of treatment with gabapentin a reduction of 56% in hot flash frequency and 50% reduction in its composite score (frequency and severity combined into one score) from baseline were observed. In the control group (taking placebos) the decrease was 12% and 15% compared to before treatment respectively. After eight weeks of treatment the number of hot flashes was 7.88±0.4 and 9.4±0.52 in the case and control groups respectively the difference was statistically significant(P<0.001).Besides, after eight weeks of treatment composite score of hot flash(i.e its frequency and severity) was 10.6±0.66 and 16.98±0.84 in the case and control groups respectively, which was statistically significant(P<0.001).In the case group frequency and severity of hot flashes were obviously lower than their levels in the control group. Conclusion: Gabapentin is effective in treating hot flash and can be considered as an alternative therapy to reduce the disorder.}, Keywords = {Hot flashes, Gabapentin, Postmenopausal women}, volume = {15}, Number = {3}, pages = {5-10}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-336-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-336-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Deldar, K. and Nazemi, E. and BalaliMood, M. and Emami, SA. and MohammadPour, AH. and Tafaghodi, M. and Afshari, R.}, title = {Effect of Coriandrum sativum L. extract on lead excretion in 3-7 year old children}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Lead (Pb) poisoning is the most common occupational poisoning that may affect family members of lead workers specially their children. The most important and irreversible effect of lead poisoning in children is on the developing of central nervous system and its evolution. High cost and severe side effects of chelating agents may result in incomplete treatment of lead poisoning in some cases. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of Coriandrum Sativum l. (Cilantro) extracts on renal lead excretion in 3-7 year old children. Materials and Methods: In this randomized, case–control clinical trial, 32 children aged 3-7 years whose parents were lead-exposed workers were randomly divided into 2 groups. The test group received Cilantro extract and the controls were given placebos for 14 days. Blood and urine lead concentrations were determined at the beginning of the study and 14 days later. Questionnaires were designed and used for data collection. The obtained data were analyzed by T-student and Paired t-test using SPSS version 11.5 Numerical data were shown as mean ± SD and P≤0.05 was taken as the significant level. Results: Mean age and weight of the children was 4.9±1.46 years and 17.32±4.74 kg respectively and 59.4% of them were males. Duration of fathers' exposure to Pb at work was 9.14±5.63 years. Blood and urine Pb concentrations and renal lead clearance of children were 163.81±57.19, 97±48.12 µg/L and .012±.009 L/day, respectively at the beginning of the study. There were no significant differences in blood (P=0.87), urine (P=0.73) Pb concentrations and renal excretion of lead (P=0.96) between the two groups. After two weeks use of Cilantro, the mean blood lead concentration decreased (P=0.006), urine lead concentration increased (P=0.038) and renal excretion of lead increased significantly (P=0.019). But similar significant changes were observed in the control group (P=0.034, 0.021 and 0.009, respectively). There were no significant differences in blood lead concentration (P=0.93), urine lead concentration (P=0.93) and renal lead clearance (P=0.77) between the two groups at the end of the study. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it seems that Coriandrum Sativum is not effective in lead elimination. Increasing renal lead elimination in both groups of children may be due to other factors like improvement of nutrition following the necessary educations at the beginning of this study.}, Keywords = {Lead poisoning, Children, Coriandrum Sativum L}, volume = {15}, Number = {3}, pages = {11-19}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-337-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-337-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Abbasi, M. and Soltani, Gh. and Karamrudi, AR. and Azari, A. and AziziFarsani, HR.}, title = {Effect of ticlopedin administration on mediastinal hemorrhage increase after off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery}, abstract ={Background and Aim:Nowadays coronary surgery is done by means of cardiopulmonary pump (on-pump) or without using it (off-pump). Patients who undergo off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery (OPCAB) may be potentially hypercoagulable with an increased risk of graft thrombosis in their transplanted vessels. To counteract this complication and reduce ischemic events, antiplatelet drugs including ticlopedin is used in most therapeutic centres of the world. The purpose of this study was to determine the side effects of early ticlopedin administration after OPCAB. Materials and Methods: This clinical trial study was done on 300 patients admitted to cardiosurgical ward of Imam Reza hospital affiliated to Mashhad University of Medical Sciences between 2005 and 2007. Those clients whose postoperative drainage was less than 100cc/h were divided into two groups with 150 cases in each. The first group took ticlopedin for four weeks, but the second group (control) was not administered the drug. Aspirin was administered preoperatively and postoperatively to all patients. Telephone follow-up was made 6 to 12 months after being discharged. The obtained data was statistically analysed by means of 2 at the significant level P≤0.05. Results: None of the patients in the first group required re-operation for mediastinal hemorrhage. Mean chest tube drainage was 1005±423 in ticlopedin group and 950±400 mL in patients who had not received ticlopedin. The total number of blood units transfused and the number of patients receiving blood transfusions was almost similar in the two groups. In-hospital mortality was 1.2% in ticlopedin group and 3.2% in the control group (P=0.314). No group difference in mortality or adverse cardiac events were observed during 6 months. Gastrointestinal bleeding occurred in 2.5% of ticlopedin patients but in 0.9% of the controls. Conclusion: The study showed that ticlopedin administration does not increase postoperative mediastinal hemorrhage.}, Keywords = {Ticlopedin, Coronary artery surgery, Off-pump CABG}, volume = {15}, Number = {3}, pages = {20-25}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-338-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-338-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Ahmadpour, Sh. and Sadeghi, Y. and Hami, J. and Haghir, H.}, title = {Effects of insulin and ascorbic acid therapy on plasma cu level in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats}, abstract ={  Background and Aim: Perturbations in copper (Cu) metabolism are characteristic of diabetes type I. Hyperglycemia and increased free radicals generation result in increased Cu plasma levels and leads to oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant effects of ascorbic acid on Cu plasma levels in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats.   Materials and Methods: This study was done on 30 male wistar rats. Diabetes type I was induced in the rats by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg). Four days after diabetes induction the animals showed hyperglycemia (>350mg/dL). After six weeks, the animals were divided into five groups as follows: controls, diabetics, diabetics treated with ascorbic acid, diabetics treated with insulin, and diabetics treated with insulin + ascorbic acid. Treatment was administered for two weeks and then plasma cu level was determined by atomic absorption method.   Results: The results showed that in uncontrolled diabetes Cu plasma level increased significantly compared to of its level in the control group (P<0.05) whereas diabetic rats treated with insulin, insulin+ ascorbic acid or ascorbic acid showed no significant difference in Cu plasma level compared to those of control group (P>0.05).   Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that treatment with insulin or ascorbic acid alone or in combination can preserve Cu plasma at normal level in diabetic rats.}, Keywords = {Diabetes type I, Insulin, Ascorbic Acid, Plasma Cu Level, Rat}, volume = {15}, Number = {3}, pages = {26-31}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-339-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-339-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Moodi, M. and Sharifzadeh, GhR.}, title = {The effect of instruction on knowledge and attitude of couples attending pre-marriage consultation classes}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Marriage and establishing a family is one of the most important events of everyone's life which has significant effects on personal and social health if it occurs appropriately and is intertwined with enough knowledge. To reach these positive effects, pre-marriage consultation is taken into consideration and it is accurately planned. Under such an instructional program, couples are familiarized with fertility health problems and this promotes their health level significantly. This study aimed at determining the effect of pre-marriage consultation classes. Materials and Methods: This pre-post quasi-experimental study was done on 250 couples attending pre-marriage instruction classes. Means for data collection was an autonomous questionnaire which had been designed according to the aims of the study and its reliability and validity had been confirmed. The questionnaire consisted of three sections namely demographic questions, knowledge questions (27 cases), and attitude questions (18 cases). The questionnaire was filled out in two stages i.e. before and after pre-marriage consultation program which was presented in lectures. Then, the effect of such an instruction was analyzed by means of statistical paired T-test, one-way variance analysis, and Chi-square. Results: Mean age of the couples under study was 22.4±4 years. According to the results of the study, 83.2% of the couples had weak knowledge, 16% average knowledge, and 0.8% had good knowledge before intervention. After instructional intervention the knowledge of 60.4% was weak, 31.6% had average knowledge and 8% benefited good knowledge thus, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). Moreover, mean knowledge was 8.7±4.8 before intervention but it reached 12.4±5 after intervention (P<0.001). Mean attitude increased from 42.6±4.9 (before intervention) to 47.5±4.3 after invention (P<0.001). The study also showed that the difference in mean knowledge and attitude before and after intervention regarding fertility, family planning, genetic diseases, and disabilities was statistically significant (P<0.001). Conclusion: Although mean knowledge and attitude of the couples under study increased after instruction the increase was not so high in knowledge (only 4.3%) and after intervention only 8% of the couples gained acceptable knowledge. Thus, in order to develop a relatively stable behavior in young couples it is recommended that the quality of the instructional classes would be overemphasized.}, Keywords = {Pre-marriage consultation, Instruction, Knowledge, Attitude, Couple, Birjand}, volume = {15}, Number = {3}, pages = {32-39}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-340-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-340-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {MazloomiMahmoodabad, SS. and RoohaniTanekaboni, N.}, title = {Survey of some related factors to oral health in high school female students in Yazd, on the basis of health behavior model (HBM)}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Oral diseases are among the most prevalent diseases in the world, which usually begin during adolescence but oral health can reduce them to a great extent .This cross-sectional study which aimed at determining factors related to oral health in high school female students in Yazd on the basis of HBM (Health Belief model) was used as a framework in order to analyze the related factors of oral health behavior (OHB) during the school year 2005-2006. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional (descriptive and analytical) study 201 female high school students in Yazd were surveyed. Multistage randomized sampling was used. Means of data collection was a questionnaire designed according to oral health beliefs or OHB (perceived severity, susceptibility, benefits, barriers) .The obtained data was analyzed by means of SPSS software, descriptive statistics, and Pearson coefficient tests, variance analysis, and Tukey test and P0.05 was taken as the significant level. Results: The subjects of the study aged 14-17 years with a mean of 15.2±0.8 years. Mean of perceived barriers of the students whose fathers were clerks was 9.77 and that of students whose fathers were labourers was 11.35.Statistical variance analysis test showed a significant relationship between these two (P=0.006, df=2, F=5.306). Most (65.5%) of the students brushed once a day, 37.5% of them used dental floss, and 11.1% saw a dentist every 6 months. Pearson coefficient test showed a significant relationship between perceived severity and oral health behavior/ OHB (P=0.036, r=0.148). Besides, perceived barriers were correlated with OHB (P=0.012, r=-0.176). No significant association was found between sensitivity and perceived benefits on one hand and behavior on the other. Conclusion: In this study, perceived severity and barriers showed a significant correlation with the expected behavior. There was no significant relationship between sensitivity and perceived benefits with behavior. Moreover, it was found that mean grade of the students at perceived “severity”, “sensitivity”, and “benefits” was favorable but their behavior was not favorable with regard to it. It seems as if other factors, beyond these beliefs, are effective in the occurrence and quality of oral health behavior. Therefore, more extensive research is recommended in respect of this.}, Keywords = {Oral health, Health belief model, High school student, Female, Yazd}, volume = {15}, Number = {3}, pages = {40-47}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-341-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-341-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Keshavarz, M. and Shariati, M. and Babaee, GR.}, title = {Pregnancy complications related to obesity in Shahrood}, abstract ={Background and Aim: According to various studies, obese women, have an increased risk of a number of pregnancy complications and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Worryingly, the prevalence of obesity is rising during pregnancy. The present study was done to determine the incidence of obesity and its relationship to pregnancy complications. Materials and Methods: In this prospective study, all pregnant women in their early stage were referred to women’s clinic of Fatemiyeh Hospital by all health care centers and private clinics as soon as diagnosed. Obesity was defined as having a body mass index (BMI) of ≥30 kg/m² or more. So, pregnant women were divided into obese and non-obese cases according to BMI. All the women had no previous systematic diseases and received routine prenatal care until their labor. Demographic and pregnancy data were obtained on arrival and were recorded in special files and the cases’ economic status was determined by means of a special checklist. The obtained data was analysed by means of non-parametric variance analysis of, chi-square, Fisher exact t- test, Mann Whitney U, linear regression, and correlation co-efficient and P≤0.05 was taken as the significant level. Results: Totally 1194 pregnant women were studied. Prevalence of obesity was %13 (162 pregnant women). Obese women were older and had more childbirth. According to variance analysis and confounding factors including age and parity, obesity was found to be an independent factor in the occurrence of pre-eclampsia (P<0.001), gestational hypertension (P<0.01) and hydramnios (P<0.001) as well. Cesarean rate in obese women was greater and significant (P<0.001). Conclusion: Results confirmed that despite appropriate prenatal care, obesity was associated with an increase in pregnancy complications. So in order to improve the quality of care, pre-conceptual care is recommended. Weight losing, as an easy and inexpensive procedure in women who refer to the health centers to receive health care and family planning service, is essential and is recommended.}, Keywords = {Pregnant women, Obesity, Fetal, Maternal and neonatal complications}, volume = {15}, Number = {3}, pages = {48-53}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-342-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-342-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Shokri, O. and Dastjerdi, R. and DaneshvarPour, Z. and Ghanaie, Z. and ZeinAbadi, H.R. and Geravand, F.}, title = {Gender differences in scales of psychological well-being in Birjand state universities during the school year 2005-2006}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Gender differences are of intrest to numerous researchers trying to conceptualise psychological well-being. This study was conducted to determine the role of sex discrepancies in psychological well-being scales- adjusting to age as a covariate variable. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, 376 students (158 males and 218 females) filled out Riff’s Scales of Psychological Well-being. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to examine gender differences in the scales of psychological well-being (i.e. autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, positive relations with others, and purpose in life and self-acceptance). Results: Results of ANCOVA showed statistically significant gender differences in scales of positive relations with others and personal growth. In other words, the results indicated that female students scored higher on positive relations with others and personal growth than male students while, no significant gender differences were found on autonomy, environmental mastery, purpose in life and self-acceptance. Conclusion: The findings emphasize the need to recognize the role of gender differences studying scales of psychological well-being. Implications of these findings are discussed with mental health professionals.}, Keywords = {Gender differences, Scales of Psychological, Well-being}, volume = {15}, Number = {3}, pages = {54-61}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-343-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-343-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Kalbasi, S. and Saadatjoo, SA. and Tabiee, Sh. and Gerami, MR.}, title = {Relative frequency of diabetic microalbuminuria in type II diabetic patients in Birjand (2005- 2007)}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Diabetic microalbuminuria is one of the complications of diabetes, which has a higher incidence in type II diabetics than in type I patients. The disorder is accounted the principal cause of the end stage of renal disease (ESRD) across the world. The present study was carried out aiming at determining the prevalence of diabetic microalbuminuria in type II diabetics and its relationship to blood lipids (cholesterol, triglyceride) level, hemoglobin A1C, age, sex, and smoking. Materials and Method: In this descriptive –analytical study, all patients' files (between March 2005 and March 2007) available in Kasra Specialized diabetic clinic and Vali-e-Asr hospital, affiliated to Birjand University of Medical Sciences, were studied. Requisite information including age, sex, blood pressure, diabetic period, blood lipids level etc, was recorded in a review-form. Then, the obtained data was analysed at the significant level P≤0.05 by means of the statistical software SPSS using Student-t and Chi-square at the significant level P<0.05. Results: Totally, the files of 964 patients were surveyed. 30.8% of the patients aged between 51 and 60 years.361 cases (37.4%) were women.267 cases (27.7%) had a history of smoking and 74.3% a history of hypertension. Besides, 87 patients (9%) suffered microalbuminuria. In most of the cases (60.6%) the period of having diabetes was less than or equal to five years. Mean time of having diabetes was 5.86±4.8 years. Cholesterol and triglyceride levels were higher than normal (55.5% and 63.9% respectively) and their mean values were estimated 213±66mg/dL and 214±142mg/dL respectively. Logistic regression test showed a significant difference between variables such as period of having diabetes (P=0.001), and hypertriglyceridemia (P=0.01) with microalbuminuria (P<0.05) but no significant relationship was found between age and sex to this disorder. Conclusion: Admittedly, based on the findings of this study, time span of having diabetes, hypertension, and smoking are among the important risk factors triggering the occurrence of microalbuminuria. However, more studies with a larger sample size are recommended.}, Keywords = {Hypertension, Diabetes, HbA1C, Hypercholesterolia, Hyperglyceridemia, Microalbuminuria}, volume = {15}, Number = {3}, pages = {62-68}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-344-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-344-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Shaban, E. and Miri, M. and Farsad, M.}, title = {Vitiligo and its demographic characteristics in patients referring to dermatology clinic of Vali-e-Asr educational hospital of Birjand between 2002-2007}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Vitiligo is an acquired depigmentation disorder that is recognized by loss of melanocytes in epidermis, mucosal surfaces and other body tissues. Vitiligo might be an autoimmune disorder with anti-melanocytic antibodies. This study aimed at determining demographic characteristics of vitiligo cases referring to dermatology clinic of Vali-e-Asr educational hospital in Birjand. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study 300 patients with clinical diagnosis of vitiligo who had referred to the dermatology clinic of Vali-e-Asr hospital between 2002 and 2007 were evaluated with regard to characteristics such as age, sex, familial history, sites of lesions, form of involvement and some of its associated diseases such as halonodus, alopecia areata and hair involvement (leukotrichia). Results: Out of 300 patients analyzed, most were females. 23.6% had positive familial history. Most sites of lesions were limbs and face and the most common form was generalized involvement. In association with vitiligo, halonadus in 6.6% alopecia areata in 1.33% and hair involvement in 11% were observed. Conclusion: Considering that the majority of cases were females and the fact that the external areas of the body such as hands, feet, and face were the mostly involved sites studying the genesis of the disorder, development and distribution of it seems important so that by decreasing the number of cases and prescribing an effective treatment the emotional, psychological and social complications of the disease would eventually decrease.}, Keywords = {Vitiligo, Demographic, Skin disease}, volume = {15}, Number = {3}, pages = {69-72}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-345-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-345-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Ghalaeiha, A. and Rahimi, AR. and Matinnia, N. and Shamsaei, F. and Zarrabiyan, MK. and Farzan, F. and Afzali, S.}, title = {Survey of birth season in schizophrenic patients hospitalized in Sina hospital of Hamedan city between 1999-2004}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Birth rate of patients with schizophrenia during the winter and spring months is 5%-8% higher worldwide than their rate in the general population, although the reasons are unknown. The aim of this study was to determine birth season of schizophrenic patients hospitalized in Sina hospital of Hamedan city between 1999 and 2004. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive- analytical (cross-sectional) study, 645 schizophrenic cases who had been hospitalized in Sina psychiatric center of Hamedan city between 1999 and 2004 and their disorder had been determined based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders criteria (DSM-IV) were surveyed. Means of data collection was a questionnaire consisting of personal history queries and queries regarding the aims of the study. The obtained data was analysed by means of SPSS (10) software and using descriptive-inferential statistics at the significant level P≤0.05. Results: The subjects included 381 men and 273 women. Most cases had been born in spring (46.2%) and winter (31.8%), and the least births (7.6%) belonged to summer. Conclusion: The results showed the effects of seasonal variations on the occurrence of schizophrenic patients’ births as their births had a higher frequency in spring and winter rather than in summer and autumn.}, Keywords = {Schizophrenia, Season birth, Negative and positive sign}, volume = {15}, Number = {3}, pages = {73-77}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-346-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-346-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {BaghiyaniMoghaddam, MH. and Ayvazi, S. and MazloomiMahmoodabad, SS. and Fallahzadeh, H.}, title = {Factors in relation with self- regulation of Hypertension, based on the Model of Goal Directed behavior in Yazd city(2006)}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Hypertension is a chronic asymptomatic disease which is one of the most public health problems afflicting many of people over 35 years old in the world. The disease is the most important cause of all cardiovascular diseases, stroke, heart attack, renal disease, etc. It is also the primary contributor to disability and mortality, which is usually incurable but it must be managed. Management of the disease requires a certain degree of self-regulation, which is defined as the mental and physical processes that manage a person in order to achieve a goal. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors related to hypertension self-regulation based on the model “goal directed behavior”. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 200 patients referring to health centers of Yazd Township, who were selected in two stages. First, the health centers were selected through cluster sampling in Yazd Township and then the patients were selected by means of simple sampling methods in the health centers. Data was gathered using a questionnaire whose reliability and validity were approved on the part of experts and its alpha was 0.83 (a=0.83).The obtained data was analysed by means of the statistical software SPSS.WIN (11.5) using coefficient correlation, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and regression tests. Results: Out of the 200 subjects, 45.5% were men and 54.5% women. Mean years of being hypertensive was 8.7 ±7.6. About 61.5% of the patients indicated that their reason for referring to health centers was to reduce their blood pressure and 35.5% wanted to maintain their current blood pressure. There was a significant statistical relationship between all the variables of Model of Goal Directed Behavior except one (predicted negative emotions) (P<0.001). Moreover, there was a significant relationship between hypertension self-regulation of the cases and all the variables with the sex of the patients (P<0.0001). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the Model of Goal Behavior can explain over 52% of hypertension self-regulation cases. Therefore, this Model can be a basic Model for educational intervention to decrease and control hypertension in patients.}, Keywords = {Hypertension, Model of Goal Directed Behavior, Self-regulation}, volume = {15}, Number = {3}, pages = {78-87}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-347-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-347-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Lamyian, M. and Heidarnia, AR. and Ahmadi, F. and Faghihzadeh, S. and AguilarVafaie, M.}, title = {Women’s prospect of breast cancer early detection behavior: a qualitative research}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among Iranian women. Early diagnosis of the disease is vitally important in successful treating of it and reducing its mortality and care-cost burden. In our country,the major causes of mortality and other unfavorable complications of the disease are due to late referring of women. So far, the nature of this behavior has not been studied. The present qualitative study was done on a number of Tehran women to clarify the concepts of breast cancer control and prevention and factors affecting this procedure. Materials and Methods: A content analysis with a qualitative approach (Grounded Theory) was conducted in depth on 31 women through semi-structured (individual and group) interviews. Data collection continued to saturation point .Data analysis was done by means of constant comparative analysis method, using theoretical sampling and constant comparison analysis Results: The study was done on 31 females aged 49±8.05, of whom 54.8% were in employment and 45.1% were housewives. Education level was average in 48.3% of the cases and 27% of them were married. Individual and social factors were the two effective categories that shaped the women’s behavior , which regarded women’s early detecting behavior and respective factors were classified into 3 categories: Inappropriate attitude toward behavior, Inadequate risk-perception , and inefficient perceived data. The mentioned concepts are the same obstacles and frustrations which may occur in detecting breast-cancer behavioral procedure, together with a shade of subjective behavior. Conclusions: Controlling is a multidimensional concept which has individual and social aspects but individual intentional rate is higher. After final analysis of the obtained data, inappropriate attitude towards control and prevention of breast cancer was taken as the central variable and conscious persuasion was recognized as the corrective factor. Health promotion of women, who make up half of the active population of the country, is one of the requirements of stable development and planning appropriate methods to warn women of health risks is among health education missions. The indispensable factor in this respect is attention to women's attitude construct and qualitative studies seem to define behavioral situations better than quantitative methods and, thus, help planning educational interventions. Therefore, it is suggested that defining the concept of breast-cancer control and prevention according to routine quantitative methods and comparing it with the results of the present study should be taken into account.}, Keywords = {Breast cancer, Grounded theory, Persuasion, Attitude, Health education}, volume = {15}, Number = {3}, pages = {88-102}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-348-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-348-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Azarkar, Z. and GolboeeiMousavi, SH. and Zardast, M.}, title = {A case report of rhinocerebral mucormycosis}, abstract ={Mucormycosis is the most fatal systemic fungal disease which is precipitated by diabetes or immunodeficiency state. The most common form of the disease is the rhinocerebral involvement. The disease has a high rate of mortality if not diagnosed in time and treated properly. This article presents Mucormycosis in a diabetic. The case was a 26 year old young male with diabetes mellitus being treated with insulin who was presented with fever, facial and right eye swelling, general bad condition, having a 3 year history of heroin (crystal) addiction, and referred with initial diagnosis of cellulites. On examination, it was found that the case had right eye proptosis and ecchymossis, unilateral bloody discharge of nose and dispnea. Moreover, black necrotic lesion was found in nasal mucosa. Biopsy of necrotic tissue was done and staining with PAS was performed, which proved the existence of rhinocerebral mucormycosis. The patient was taken to ICU and was Administered broad spectrum antibiotic treatment and 1mg/kg amphotericin B. But the next day, in spite of the treatment, the patient got dementia and deceased three days later.}, Keywords = {Mucormycosis, Diabetes, Rhinocerebral}, volume = {15}, Number = {3}, pages = {103-107}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-349-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-349-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Ghomian, N. and Tavasoli, F. and Lotfalizadeh, M.}, title = {Comparison of fluoxetine with a placebo in treating postmenopausal hot flash}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Hot flash is one of the most prevalent problems in postmenopausal period.Considering the controversies on hormonal replacement therapy, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a nonhormonal drug ,i.e. flouxetine, on hot flash and to compare it with a placebo. Materials and Methods: In this randomized clinical trial, 80 Postmenopausal women were divided into two equal groups. One group (n=40) were treated with flouxetine (20mg per day) and the other with placebos for 8 weeks. Frequency and duration of baseline hot flashes were recorded one week before the start of the treatment and during the following eight weeks (2nd, 4th, and 8th week). The obtained data was statistically analyzed by means of SPSS, using 2, t-test and correlation analysis at the significant level P≤0.05. Results: The mean rate of frequency and duration of hot flash before treatment were matched in both groups. Positive clinical response was more in fluoxetine group (75%), but in the placebo group it was less (42.5%), (P=0.01). The incidence of side-effects was the same in both groups. Conclusion: Considering the effectiveness of flouxetine in the treatment of hot flash in postmenopausal period with few side-effects, inexpensiveness and availability, it can be used instead of hormonal replacement therapy.}, Keywords = {Hot flash, Menopause, Placebo, Flouxetine}, volume = {15}, Number = {4}, pages = {5-11}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-370-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-370-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Amiri, R. and ShahFarhat, A. and Karbandi, S. and Esmaeli, H. and Mohammadzadeh, A. and SedighiLooye, E.}, title = {Effect of lullaby music listening on SPO2 in premature infants}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Respiratory distress is one of the fundamental problems of preterm infants. Various studies have indicated that favourable auditory stimulation influences on saturation pressure oxygen (Spo2) amount through regulating respiratory rate and rhythm. Thus, this study was done to examine the effect of lullaby music on SPO2 in preterm infants in NICU. Materials and methods: In this clinical-trial study 40 preterm infants that were hospitalized in the NICU wards of Imam-Reza and Qaem hospitals in Mashhad in 2005 were assessed. The infants were randomly assigned to either of two equal groups the music group (case group) and control group. The infants in both groups were observed and assessed every day for forty minutes for a period of eight days. Percent of oxygen saturation was measured and recorded by means of a pulse oximeter. Then, the music group received 20 minutes of recorded Iranian traditional musical lullaby sung by a woman (db:65-75) per-day for 8 days but the control group received their everyday care with no music. The obtained data was analyzed by SPSS software (11.5), using Chi-square, paired t, independent t, and general linear tests to control intervening variables and P≤0.05 was taken as the significant level. Results: Results showed that mean change in oxygen saturation level increased in the music group significantly (P=0.001). Increased oxygen saturation level in this group remained stable after the music was off and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P=0.019). Conclusion: Lullaby song or music may be introduced into NICU as a more predictable and stable source of stimulation which masks intermittent and unpredictable sounds because it decreases the amount of distress and interruption experienced by the infant. Keeping SPO2 at a high level with the least oxygen amount received is an important medical goal. Therefore, if an intervention plan can have a favourable effect on the quality and rate of respiration- and as a result on SPO2- it will be a great help to preterm infants.}, Keywords = {Lullaby music, Oxygen saturation, Preterm}, volume = {15}, Number = {4}, pages = {12-18}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-371-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-371-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Abbasnejad, AA. and Jalili, MR. and Talaei, AR. and Saeidi, H.}, title = {Comparison between fentanyl and sufentanil analgesic effect on spinal anesthesia}, abstract ={Background and Aim: One of the main objectives of anesthesia is “loss of ability to feel pain (analgesia) and there are different methods and drugs to acquire this. Spinal anesthesia with lidocaine 5% is a method of causing analgesia whose period is about 60 minutes. Since lengthier analgesia is required in some surgeries and using opiates is one of the methods to prolong anesthesia, in this research sufentanil and fentanyl were used in spinal anesthesia to discover which is a more effective drug. Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial research 80 men aged between 50 and 60 years who had been hospitalized in Gonabad Panzdeh-e-khordad hospital in 2006 for inguinal hernia operation were studied. The patients were randomly divided into two equal groups of 40 each. In one group(F) 20µg fentanyl with 100mg lidocaine 5% and in the other group (S) one 5µg sufentanil together with the same dose of lidocaine was used for spinal anesthesia. A check-list and a questionnaire were used to record the necessary data. The obtained data was analyzed by means of SPSS software using statistical t-test and P<0.05 was taken as the significant level. Results: Mean of analgesia period in group F was 99.37±18.61 minutes and in group S it was 153.62±26.62 minutes so there was a significant difference between the two groups regarding the period of analgesia (P<0.001). In group F the occurance of hypotension was 37.5%, bradycardia 27.5% ,and nausea and vomiting was 10%but in group S they were 40%, 32.5%, and 15% respectively. The difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Regarding the results of this study, analgesia in spinal anesthesia with sufentanil was lengthier than analgesia caused by fentanyl and there was a significant difference between the effects of the two drugs (P<0.001). But there was not significant differences in hypotension, bradycardia and nausea and vomiting. So it is recommended to use sufentanil instead of fentanyl in spinal anesthesia if analgesia for more than100 minutes is required.}, Keywords = {Analgesia, Fentanyl, Sufentanil, Spinal anesthesia}, volume = {15}, Number = {4}, pages = {19-26}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-372-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-372-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Dehdari, T. and Heidarnia, A.R. and Ramezankhani, A. and Sadeghian, S. and Ghofranipour, F. and Etemad, S.}, title = {Planning and evaluation of an educational intervention programme to improve life quality in patients after coronary artery bypass graft-surgery according to PRECEDE-PROCEED model}, abstract ={Abstract: Quality of life remains low for many patients after coronary heart surgery. The purpose of this study was to design and evaluate an educational program in the improvement of life quality in patients after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Materials and methods: In this experimental clinical-trial 110 patients were randomly devided into case and control groups six weeks after coronary artery bypass surgery. Planning of the educational programme was done according to PRECEDE-PROCEED Model. Before implementing the programme, life-quality questionnaires (Sf-36), self-designed questionnaires, and standard questionnaires-according to PRECEDE-PROCEED model- were filled out for both groups. The experimental group received the educational intervention, and the control group received only routine cardiac rehabilitation care. Both group members were followed up immediately and 4 weeks after intervention and the previous questionnaires were filled out for them again. Finally the obtained data was statistically analysed by means of SPSS using Chi-Square, t-test, and variance analysis test at the significant level P≤0.05. Results: Significant improvement was found in the following components of life quality in the cases after their participation in the educational program compared to the controls: physical functioning (P<0.001), physical role (P<0.05), bodily pain (P<0.01), general health (P<0.01), vitality (P<0.01), social functioning (P<0.05), mental role (P<0.01), and mental health (P<0.01). Conclusion: The findings suggest beneficial effects of educational intervention based on the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model on improving quality of life in patients after CABG.}, Keywords = {Coronary artery bypass graft surgery, Quality of life, PRECEDE-PROCEED model, Educational intervention}, volume = {15}, Number = {4}, pages = {27-37}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-374-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-374-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Sadeghnezhad, F. and Niknami, Sh. and Ghaffari, M.}, title = {Effect of health education methods on promoting breast self examination (BSE)}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women, because one out of every seven women is prone to develop breast cancer. Early diagnosis of the disease has an effective role in its treatment. One of the screening methods is Breast Self-Examination (BSE). If this simple method is taught to women, they can diagnose malignant tumors in their breasts in 90 percent of cases and receive due treatment. This study was done to investigate the effects of various educational methods on knowledge, attitude, and practice of women regarding BSE and compare these effects. Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study 90 ladies over 40 years referring to Tehran Shahid Kalantari clinic were divided into three equal groups. One group (30 women) was taken as the control group and the other two as the cases. The following educational methods were applied to the two case groups respectively: A group discussion method, B. eclectic method (i.e. films, lectures, face-to-face-instruction, etc.). Data collection tools were a questionnaire consisting of demographic queries, KAP (knowledge, attitude, and practice) questions and a check-list for visible BSE performing on the part of the cases. The obtained data was analysed by means of the statistical software of SPSS, using parametrical statistical tests (i.e. one-way variance analysis, paired-t) and non-parametrical tests (W., C., and 2) and P≤0.05 was taken as the significant level. Results: This research indicated that education by means of both methods raises the level of knowledge, attitude and practice in ladies regarding BSE (P<0.0001). Besides analysis of variances showed that KAP level had a significant difference compared with that of the control group (P<0.0001) .Correlation test showed no significant difference between demographic characteristics on one side and level of KAP on the other. Conclusion: Considering the findings about the effect of instruction on KAP of women with respect to BSE, using any of available facilities such as individual or group education as well as audio- visual methods in health care centers would be advantageous.}, Keywords = {BSE (Breast Self Examination), Health education, Screening, Knowledge, Attitude, Practice}, volume = {15}, Number = {4}, pages = {38-48}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-375-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-375-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Ebrahimzadeh, A. and Madarshahian, F.}, title = {Comparison of Brucellosis anti-antibody levels following treatment with Streptomycin + Doxycycline and Rifampin + Doxycycline}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Brucellosis has widespread prevalence and is one of the endemic diseases in our country, Iran. It is estimated that every year almost 500000 cases of Brucellosis - mostly Brucella Melitensis-occur in the world. Any type of brucellosis demands a specific treatment. Thus, this study was conducted to compare reduction of Brucellosis anti-antibody level in the serum one year after treatment with two regimens, i.e. Streptomycin + Doxycyclin and Rifampin + Doxycyclin. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was performed on 100 patients with Brucellosis based on the clinical findings wright ≥ 1/80 and 2ME ≥ 1/80. The cases were randomly divided into two groups one received Streptomycin + Doxycyclin (50 cases), and the other group was treated by Rifampin + Doxycyclin (50 cases). Then 3, 6 and 12 months after treatment Wright and 2ME tests were performed and their results compared by means of statistics using Chi-Square test. Results: The findings of the study showed that age of the cases ranged between 13 and 78 years and 46% of them were 39-48 years old. Results of the tests revealed no significant differences before treatment ,but immediately after treatment significant differences were observed in the two groups (Wright: P=0.05, 2ME: P=0.005) as in the first group tests tended to be negative more rapidly than in the second group. Wright’s test after 3 months showed significant differences in the two groups (P= 0.05) but there were no significant differences at 6 and 12 months following treatment. Conclusion: Regarding the rapidity of negative titers of tests in the first group immediately and 3 months after treatment, it could be inferred that Streptomycin regimen leads to a more effective treatment with rapid recovery which is also accompanied by reduction in the disease anti–antibody level in the serum.}, Keywords = {BrucellaBrucellosis, Serum, Streptomycin,Rifampin, Doxycycline}, volume = {15}, Number = {4}, pages = {49-55}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-376-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-376-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Siadat, Z. and Jalali, M. and Hoseini, S. and Zeraati, H. and Farvid, MS. and Parizadeh, SMR. and F.Fatehi, and M.Chamari,}, title = {Comparison of lipid peroxidation levels in the controlled and non-controlled type II diabetic patients}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Increased oxidative damage due to overproduction of free radicals in diabetic patients has already been reported. Complications in lipid membrane, as a consequence of free radicals’ activities, have proved to be associated with an increase in serum malondialdehyde (MDA) a lipid peroxidation end-product marker. Therefore, this study was performed to assess the effect of controlling diabetes on lipid peroxidation in type II diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 127 type II diabetic patients who were divided into two groups with respect to their serum HbA1C Level. Sixty four patients in the controlled group (6%≤HbA1C≤8%) and 63 cases in the uncontrolled group (8%< HbA1C) were studied. Serum biochemical parameters such as fasting blood sugar, triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C and variables such as age, duration of diabetes, cigarette smoking, body mass index (BMI), were determined in the two groups. The obtained data was statistically analysed by means of SPSS, independent t, and Chi-Square at the significant level P≤0.05. Results: Serum MDA level in the uncontrolled diabetic patients was significantly higher (P=0.025) compared to the controlled ones (2.01±0.88 and 1.63±1.01 nmol/mL, respectively). The levels of fasting blood sugar (208.6±61.6, 159.9±33.0 mg/dL) and triglyceride (223.9±131.8, 182.2±95.4 mg/dL) were significantly higher (P=0.001 and P=0.43, respectively). In the uncontrolled group, mean age of patients in the controlled group was significantly higher (P=0.036) than that of the uncontrolled group (57.73±9.25 and 54.38±8.59, respectively). Conclusion: The results indicate increased lipid peroxidation in the uncontrolled diabetic patients. Thus, controlling diabetes as a prophylactic procedure can reduce complications resulted from this increase in type II diabetic patients.}, Keywords = { Type II diabetes, HbA1C, Malondialdehyde}, volume = {15}, Number = {4}, pages = {56-61}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-377-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-377-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Riyasi, HR. and HassanZadehTaheri, MM. and SharifZadeh, GhR. and HoseinZadehChahkandook, F.}, title = {An epidemiological study of epilepsy and some clinical aspects of hospitalized epileptic patients in Birjand Valli-e-Asr hospital (2004-2006)}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Epilepsy is the second leading cause of CNS morbidity after CVA. Its cause is abnormal synchronous discharge of a group of CNS neurons that cause recurrent seizure. Approximately half to one percent of the world population are affected. Epidemiology of the disease is affected by different factors such as: age pyramid, diet, geographical variations, etc. Hence, studying of the disease is essential and can help to diagnose and treat the patients. This investigation was designed to assess the epidemiology and clinical aspects of epilepsy in Birjand city between 2004 and 2006. Materials and Methods: This analytical and descriptive survey was done on 222 epileptic patients hospitalized in Vali-e-Asr hospital between 2004 and 2006. Data was gathered by means of a questionnaire which was then analyzed by using chi-square, T-test and ANOVA applying SPSS software and P<0.05 was taken as the significant level. Results: Our findings showed that epilepsy is more prevalent in males (59.5%) than females (40.5 %).The relative frequency of age in epileptic patients was in the order of 10-19 years (36.9%) 20-29 years 23.9 %, and 50-59 year old group (2.7%). The onset of the disease was in the order of 0-9 years (38.7%), 10-19 years (37.4%), and 50-59 year old group (1.4%). With respect to type of epilepsy, generalized and focal seizure accounted for 51.4% and 48.6% of the cases, respectively. The dominant hand was the right hand (77.5%) and the remainders were left–handed. No significant statistical relationships were found between kind of seizure-in one hand-and epilepsy type, age of onset, sex, hand dominancy, familial history and Todd’s palsy on the other. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, high frequencies of the disease, which had unfavorable effects on their lives, belonged to active age-group of the population. Thus, a larger study with more population and for a longer period of time is recommended for a better and more accurate survey of epilepsy in the region.}, Keywords = {Epilepsy, Epidemiology, Focalseizure, Generalized seizure, Birjand}, volume = {15}, Number = {4}, pages = {62-68}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-378-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-378-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Gh.H.Halvani, and M.Zare, and A.Barkhordari,}, title = {Noise induced hearing loss among textile workers of Taban factories in Yazd}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Noise induced hearing loss is one of the most common occupational diseases in the world. It is thus introduced as one of the ten principle work-related diseases. According to the estimation of WHO, noise approximately causes a daily loss of 4 million US dollars throughout the world. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional and analytical study was carried out on 100 workers of Taban textile factory in Yazd to assess hearing loss in the left and right ear of the staff at weaving, spinning and mechanical sections. This was done at 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, and 8000 Hz frequency by means of audiometer. Besides, mean noise intensity in the auditory system of the workers (who had already been examined) was measured during their own shifts. The obtained data was statistically analysed by means of SPSS software and ANOVA and LSD (less significant difference) was calculated. P≤0.05 was taken as the significant level. Results: Mean age and work history were 38.9810-43 and 13.836.1 respectively. Findings indicated that noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) would be 0.18, if sound intensity increased one degree and work history were stable. But if sound intensity were stable, NIHL would be 0.37 when work history increased one degree. ANOVA statistical test (at the confidence level 95%) showed that the increase in NIHL is different in various occupational groups. Conclusions: Hearing loss was observed at different levels and at all frequencies in textile factory workers. However, hearing loss in the work begins at 4000 Hz and according to regression analysis the effect of work history on NIHL is more than the effect of sound.}, Keywords = {Hearing loss, Noise- induced, Occupational noise, Work history}, volume = {15}, Number = {4}, pages = {69-74}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-379-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-379-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Haghighi, F. and Saadatjoo, S.A. and Fanoodi, F. and Taherian, M.}, title = {The epidemiologic study of the neoplasms in the internal genital system of women referring to pathologic centers in Birjand (1996-2006).}, abstract ={Background and Aim: One of the first steps in diagnosing neoplasms is their epidemiological study. Being aware of the epidemiological condition of different kinds of neoplasms can help us a lot in educational planning and research and cure the disorder as necessitated in a certain area. The present study was done to epidemiologically investigate the neoplasms in woman’s internal genital system in Birjand between 1996 and 2006. Materials and Methods: This analytical and descriptive study was done on 2979 biopsy dossiers of the internal genital system of women who had referred to Birjand pathology labs between 1996 and 2006. The dossiers whose pathological reports were benign and malignant neoplasms, preneoplasic damages, and ovary physiologic cyst were selected from the biopsy dossiers. Then a check-list, which demanded demography information, sampling place and time, pathological diagnosis, primary diagnosis, and the damaging process, was filled out. Finally, the obtained data was analysed by means of SPSS software using Chi-Square and t-test at the significant level of P≤0.05. Results: Most Pathologic cases were found in patients aged between 40 and 59 years (47%). Most of the patients (79.9%) who were studied were urbanites. The number of the cases of the malignant neoplasma in rural areas was twice that of urban areas, and the number of the cases of preneoplasic damages in villages was three-fold. The most malignancy rate of women’s internal genital was that of the cervix. In uterus, most cases of benign neoplasms were leiomyoma, and most cases of preneoplasic damages were complete moles and the majority of the cases of malignant neoplasms included adenocarcinoma. But the most cases of benign preneoplasic tumors were endocervical polyps. The most number of malignant tumors were Squamous Cell carcinoma (SCC). Out of ovary pathogenecity, 73.1% were physiologic cysts from which 50.7% were luteal ones. In addition, adult teratoma, as the most percentage of benign neoplasms, amounted to 30.7% and epithelial carcinoma, as the most percentage of malignant tumor, reached 53.5%. Thus, it was found that the frequency of malignant cases gradually increased during this period of 10 years (from 2.3% in 1996 to 21% in 2006). Conclusion: Regarding the high frequency of cervical malignancies, studying risk factors such as marital age, number of pregnancies, socioeconomical status, and infections are very necessary. Moreover, planning to do right and accurate screening of women especially in rural areas is of critical importance.}, Keywords = {Metaplasia, Dysplasia, Neoplasm, Benign, Malignant, Epidemiology, Genitalia}, volume = {15}, Number = {4}, pages = {75-83}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-380-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-380-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Gh.Sharifirad, and S.Mohebbi, and M.Matlabi,}, title = {Survey of the feet care based on Health Belief Model in diabetes type II patients referring to the Diabetes research center of Kermanshah in 2006}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Diabetic foot complication and its amputation is one of the most physical and emotional disabilities in diabetic patients. Since much of the care of the patients is on their own part and it is not possible for them to be under the medical attention of physicians, nurses and health workers, the best way is to care for their feet at home. The aim of this study was to survey the care of the feet based on Health Belief Model in type II diabetics referring to Kermanshah diabetes research center. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study 108 type II diabetic patients referring to Kermanshah diabetes center were selected randomly. Data collecting was done by means of a questionnaire having 59 questions and covering, 5 sections including: demography, knowledge, health belief model (perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, and cues of action) foot care at home, and the checklist. Results: The findings showed that 33.3% of the subjects got only 40% of knowledge scores and 14.8% had not acquired at least 30% of the scores. The patients' perceived susceptibility was low, so that 32.4% of them were not aware of the risk of diabetic foot and only 2.8% of them knew foot-care benefits completely. The findings showed that there was a significant relationship between the mean score of perceived benefits scores and the level of perceived susceptibility with the level of foot care (P< 0.05) because only 2.8% of the patients took everyday necessary care of their feet at home. Conclusion: According to this study knowledge and attitude of the subjects (i.e. two aspects of Health Belief Model) were at an average level but their behavior regarding foot care was lower than average. It seems that the use of theoretical based models such as Health Belief Model and self-efficacy theory can be effective on promoting foot care level.}, Keywords = {Diabetic foot, Health Belief Model, Foot care}, volume = {15}, Number = {4}, pages = {84-90}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-382-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-382-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Morowatisharifabad, M. and RouhaniTonekaboni, N.}, title = {Perceived self-efficacy in self-care behaviors among diabetic patients referring to Yazd Diabetes Research Center}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Diabetes mellitus is a major health problem throughout the world. This biochemical disorder is characterized by hyperglycemia, impaired metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins and accompanied by absolute or relative insulin deficiency of the body. It is estimated that by 2025 about 300 million will have got diabetes in the world. Self-efficacy is proposed as a concept of social learning theory and a construct of health belief model, particularly when the model is used for predicting simple life-style changes in chronic diseases. This study was designed and carried out to determine the status of this construct and its related factors in addition to its correlation with self-care behaviors among diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 120 patients referring to Yazd diabetes research center. A questionnaire whose validity and reliability had been assessed and approved was used to record perceived self-efficacy and self-care behavior constructs through interviewing each subject in private. Besides, the subjects' demographic variables such as age, sex, education level, job, period of having diabetes, and type of diabetes were inquired. Results: The subjects scored 59.9% of self-efficacy. Among self-care behaviors, keeping blood glucose at normal range when under stress and managing hyper/hypoglycemia well, received the lowest perceived self- efficacy score , but performing the prescribed number of daily insulin injections or taking drugs in due course received the highest score. Men had a higher level of self-efficacy, while it was also positively correlated with education level. Level of self-efficacy was also higher in female employees in comparison with housewives. Self-efficacy was positively correlated with self-care behaviors and its respective variance was 38% Conclusion: Respondents gave average self-efficacy ratings on their ability to manage all aspects of their disease. Self-efficacy, as the most important diabetes-related self-care, got a high level of importance. Therefore, self-efficacy must be reinforced in these patients especially in women who seem to be weaker in this domain.}, Keywords = {Perceived Self-efficacy, Self-care behaviors, Diabetes}, volume = {15}, Number = {4}, pages = {91-99}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-383-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-383-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Jahanshahi, M. and Golalipour, MJ. and Heidari, K.}, title = {Ethnic factors and face shapes in 17 – 20 year olds in Gorgan (Northern Iran)}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Cephalometery is a branch of anthropometry science. This research was conducted in view of the importance of anthropometric indices in forensic medicine, plastic surgery, anatomy and orthodoncy with regard to face shapes of young males in the ethnic groups of Gorgan. Materials and Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was done on the face shapes in Fars and Turkman ethnic groups of 398 normal 17-20 year old males using cephalometric measures. The length and width of faces were determined by using classic cephalometery technique Martin Saler Cephalometer having the accuracy of 0.5 mm and T ruler and the shape of faces were classified according to 5 international types. Then, mean and percent of face shapes in the ethnic groups of Fars and Turkman males were compared. To determine morphological indices in the ethnic groups chi-square test was used and for comparison of the means of the anthropometric findings Student’s t (=0.05) was applied. Results: The dominant type of face shape in the native Fars and Turkman males was mesoprosopic 44 % and 38.4%, respectively. The rare type of face shape in native Fars and Turkman males was hyperleptoprosopic 4% and 8.6 %, respectively. Mean of prosopic index in the two ethnic groups was not significant. Conclusion: This study, in addition to determining face shapes in the area, indicated that diversity of face shapes in the ethnic groups is due to genetic factors.}, Keywords = {Anthropometry, Cephalometry, Prosopic index, Ethnicity, Mesoprosopic, Hypereuryprosopic}, volume = {15}, Number = {4}, pages = {100-103}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-384-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-384-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Moghimi, M. and Marashi, SA. and Kamani, F. and Kabir, A.}, title = {Evaluation of axillary lymph node involvement in patients with breast cancer according to sentinel lymph node involvement}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is a useful way of assessing axillary nodal status and obviating the need for axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) in patients with breast cancer. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of the SLN biopsy in the correct prediction of ALN involvement. Materials and Methods: Thirty three patients with breast cancer that had been operated in Ayatollah Taleghani and Mehr hospitals in Tehran were enrolled in a prospective study. In these patients, at first SLN biopsy and then ALND was performed. SLN was found via radionuclide scintigraphy and blue dye during the surgery. Both SLN and ALN involvement were assessed by a pathologist. Results: Mean age of the cases was 52.03±8.4. Accuracy of SLN in predicting ALN involvement was 90.91% (Confidence Interval: CI=95%: 77.88%-96.60%), sensitivity was 92% (Confidence Interval =95%: 75.03%- 97.78%) and specificity was 87.5% (CI =95%: 52.91%-97.76%). Conclusion: Success rate of SLN finding was high so SLN biopsy can be used to determine the stage of breast cancer in hospitals and the centers which have these equipments.}, Keywords = {Sentinel lymph node biopsy, Accuracy, Breast cancer, Axillary lymph node}, volume = {15}, Number = {4}, pages = {104-110}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-385-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-385-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} } @article{ author = {Jafarnezhad, M. and Zangooyi, M.}, title = {A case report of Peripartum Cardiomyopathy with complete recovery after 2 years follow-up}, abstract ={Peripartum Cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a rare and specific form of dilated and fatal cardiomyopathy which leads to systolic complication of the left ventricle. The disease usually begins slowly but its progression is fatal. Thus, the prognosis of the disease is often poor. Because of the low prevalence of the disease, extensive epidemiologic and clinical studies are not available. Few papers, most of which are retrospective studies, are available in Iran in this regard. The reported case was a 29 year old woman who matched all the criteria of PPCM presented in Braunwald textbook of cardiology. Contrary to ordinary ones, our patient had a sudden onset – with severe pulmonary edema after cesarean section while she used to be absolutely healthy before the surgery. In spite of severe clinical condition and very low left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) on admission, her response to treatment was excellent and remained healthy in a 2 year’s follow- up, with a normal LVEF.}, Keywords = {Cardiomyopathy, Peripartum, Pregnancy, Heart failure}, volume = {15}, Number = {4}, pages = {111-116}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-386-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-386-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2008} }