@article{ author = {MirShemirani, SA. and ShariatTorbaghan, S. and PourAfkari, M. and EmamiAl-e-Agha, M. and Seifi, F. and Panahandeh, L.}, title = {Abdominal Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, a case report}, abstract ={Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is a rare tumor with unknown etiology which usually occurs in children and adolescents. It is composed of myofibroblastic spindle cells intermixed with inflammatory cells. Our case was a 15-year-old boy presented with fever, weight loss, anemia and epigastric mass. Radiographic studies showed periduodenal mass with duodenal compression and mild mucosal thickening. Sonography and duodenal biopsy were not contributory. In laparatomy, a peri-duodenal mass with duodenal adhesion was seen during the resection, perforation of duodenum and extrahepatic bile duct occurred. Consequently, duodenostomy and anastomosis of bile ducts were performed. On histological examination, IMT was diagnosed. Manifestation resolved after the removal of the mass and he remained free of recurrence within three years after discharge. Based on the fact that IMT is now generally considered to be a potential neoplasm, clinicians must consider it and it should be added to the list of differential diagnoses of anemia and abdominal mass. In addition, despite benign histological features, a risk of aggressive behaviors of the tumor,a long term clinical and radiological follow up of the patients is necessary.}, Keywords = {Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, Inflammatory pseudotumor, Abdominal mass, Duodenum, Extrahepatic bile duct}, volume = {14}, Number = {1}, pages = {9-15}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-132-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-132-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Nadjafi-Semnani, M. and Simforoosh, N. and Bahlgerdi, M. and Ghazizadeh, M. and Hoseinpour, H.}, title = {Real-time point to point wireless intranet connection: first implication for surgical demonstration, decision making and telementoring in laparoscopy in Iran}, abstract ={Background and Aim: To determine whether an inexpensive set up of point to point wireless intranet connection can provide adequate video and audio teleconferencing and image quality to support remote real-time surgical demonstration and telementoring. To our knowledge, there is no similar report from Iran. Materials and Methods: Surgeon performing a novel laparoscopic extraperitoneal trigonoplasty for correcton of bilateral vesico-ureteral reflux (right grade III and left grade I) in a 10 years old boy in Emam Reza hospital, Birjand- Iran shared real-time laparoscopic images with the mentor and innovator of this new technique at the Birjand University of medical sciences, 5 kilometer apart from each other through a point to point wireless intranet connection using university local area network (LAN) and Windows media encoder and Windows media player soft wares. To evaluate the quality of transmitted real-time images, the mentor’s opinion was sought. In addition, paired local and remote images were “grabbed” from the video feed and evaluated to compare the effect of transmission on image quality. Results: The connection permitted adequate video and audio teleconferencing to support real-time consultation. The qualities of transmitted images were so high that the mentor was able to identify the bared ureteral wall and Waldeyer's sheath during the laparoscopic trigonoplasty. The qualities of paired local and remote images were similar. Conclusions: A point to point wireless Intranet-based telemedicine is relatively inexpensive and effective. Use of these set up will allow sharing of surgical procedures.}, Keywords = { Laparoscopy, Internet, Medical Education, Live surgery}, volume = {14}, Number = {1}, pages = {9-15}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-131-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-131-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Miri, MR. and AkbariBourang, M.}, title = {The correlation between emotional intelligence and school anxiety among high school students in South Khorasan}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Today, emotional intelligence has gained a particular importance. Various studies have been conducted in this field that reveal the role and importance of emotional intelligence in people’s various aspects of life such as education, employment, and living conditions. Therefore, the present study was performed aiming at surveying the correlation between emotional intelligence and school anxiety among high school students of south Khorasan. Materials and Methods: This research is a descriptive study of correlation type in which the correlation between emotional intelligence and school anxiety among second and third grade high school students majoring in humanities, practical science, and mathematics was surveyed. The study covered 670 cases that had been selected through multi-stage random sampling from Birjand, Qaen, Darmian, Khoosf, Nehbandan, and Sarbisheh. Data collecting were made by using prevalent standardized questionnaires including Sheering emotional intelligence standardized questionnaire and Phillips school anxiety questionnaire. Analyzing the data were performed by SPSS, using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and statistical regression tests at the significant level of P≤0.05. Results: The findings of the study showed that there was a significant correlation between emotional intelligence and school anxiety at P<0.01 level. Among all components of emotional intelligence (self-awareness, self control, social alertness, communication skill) there was significant correlation at P<0.01 level. Also, all components of emotional intelligence have a significant effect in predicting the variable of criterion. The mean scores of the subjects showed that there was significant differences only in components of social skills (P=0.001) and social alertness (P=0.007) regarding the gender of the subjects. Conclusion: Regarding the findings of the study particularly the significant correlation between emotional intelligence and school anxiety, it seems that paying attention to emotional intelligence is very effective and valuable in improving mental health and eventually improving students’ educational performance. Therefore, in addition to including relevant lessons, it is suggested that teachers also take required trainings in this field.}, Keywords = {Intelligence, Emotional intelligence, Anxiety, School anxiety.}, volume = {14}, Number = {1}, pages = {9-15}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-130-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-130-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Davari, MH. and Heidari, B. and Shirzadeh, E. and ShakhsEmampour, F.}, title = {Evaluation of indication and related causes of keratoplasty during 2 years in Emam Reza and Vali-e-Asr hospitals of Birjand}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Penetrating Keratoplasty is the final treatment of a considerable percent of corneal diseases. Besides, it has been the most common human tissue-transplant during the past forty years. Because of limited regional studies in our country, the present study was carried out to evaluate indication and related causes of keratoplasty during 2 years (20 September 2000–20 September 2002) in Emam Reza and Vali-e-asr hospitals of Birjand. Materials and Methods: This study is a retrospective analysis of 80 PK performed on 80 patients during the 2 year period in the two hospitals affiliated to Birjand University of Medical Sciences. The obtained data had different indexes such as age (over 25 and under 25), Job (3 groups) including husbandry, hard urban jobs (i.e. laborers and artisans), and easy urban jobs (clerks, drivers, housewives, students). Personal characteristics of patients, preoperative clinical diagnosis, transplanted eye, and indication of PK were recorded through self-designed questionnaires. Finally, the obtained data was analyzed through SPSS software using statistical t- and chi-square tests at the significant level =0.05. Results: Totally, clinical files of 80 patients were surveyed. Necessity of PK was due to Leukoma (62.5%), Keratoconus (20%), and other cases (17.5%). Leukoma was 68.4% and 73.9% in males and females, respectively. Keratoconus was found to be the most prevalent reason for PK among under 25 patients Conclusion: Corneal opacity was found as the common cause which necessitated PK in Birjand. This finding contrasts other findings and may be due to particular conditions of the area and prevalence of cornea trauma and infection caused by barberry thorns, which may lead to leukoma. This, of course, demands further studies.}, Keywords = {Penetrating keratoplasty, Corneal opacity, Keratoconus, Bullous keratopathy, Corneal}, volume = {14}, Number = {1}, pages = {9-15}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-129-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-129-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Rezaei-Nassab, M. and Poorgholami, M. and Farahmand, H.}, title = {The role of sonography in diagnosis of the Internal Abdominal Injuries due to trauma}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Abdominal Trauma seems to be one of the most common etiological factors of mortality in human populations following encountering different types of trauma. This study was designed to evaluate the role of sonography in clinical diagnosis of internal injuries of abdomen as well as verification and confirmation of the presence of free liquids in the abdominal cavity. This study was conducted to compare the importance of the role of sonography results with the clinical trend of trauma, specially the results of surgical operations in the studied cases. Materials and Methods: The present periodic study was conducted on all 104 patients (80 males and 24 females) who referred to Ali-ibne Abitaleb Hospital of Rafsanjan due to penetrating and blunt abdominal trauma between January 2000 and April 2001. Personal characteristics of the patients such as age, cause of trauma, nature of the problem (fixed or temporary), clinical examination result, sonography result, laparatomy result-if done-, and the final diagnosis were recorded. Then, positive and negative results of sonography were matched with those of laparotomy and clinical trend. Finally, the obtained data was analyzed by EPI-5 software using chi-square test at the significant level of P= 0.05. Results: Totally, sonography was done on 104 patients with abdominal trauma, who had homeodynamic status.. Presence of free fluid in the abdominal cavities of some patients, as well as possible visceral lesions and gross pathologic changes of abdominal organs were recorded. Besides, sonography findings were negative in 85 patients (81.7%) and positive in 19 cases (18.3%). After comparing sonography findings with those coincident with surgery sonography accuracy and specificity were determined 85% and 65%, respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study generally support the role of sonography as one of the primary diagnostic techniques in the patients who are affected by abdominal trauma and have constant vital clinical signs. However, in order to make decision for laparatomy and surgical treatment, physical examinations, clinical observations and using other diagnostic techniques such as CT-Scan is imperative and can be helpful.}, Keywords = {Abdominal, Trauma, Sonography, Penetrating, Blunt}, volume = {14}, Number = {1}, pages = {9-15}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-128-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-128-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {TayebiMeibodi, N. and FarzadNia, M. and Amoueian, S. and Memar, B. and Arab, D. and Esbalani, M.}, title = {Evaluation of relationship between p53 protein expression and histologic grading in transitional cell carcinoma}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Transitional cell carcinoma of bladder (TCC) is a relatively common cancer among the males. The tumor progression is associated with expression or modulation of several gene products that control apoptosis and proliferation. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between tumor expression of p53 and TCC histologic grade. Materials and Methods: In this prospective study, the data regarding 35 cases with bladder carcinoma diagnosed at the pathology laboratory of Emam Reza Hospital- retrieved from the hospital records– was analyzed. Sections from paraffin-embeded tissues were retrieved and stained for p53 oncoprotein using immunohistochemistry (IHC) techniques. P53 oncoprotein results in relation to tumour grade were analyzed statistically at the significant level of P≤0.05. Results: Among 45 patients 39 cases (87%) had transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) 4 cases (9%) squamous cell carcinoma and 2 cases (4%) anaplastic carcinoma. Out of 39 cases with TCC, 9 (23.1%) were grade I, 14 (35.9%) grade II and 16 (41%) grade III. After IHC staining, over expression of P53 was found in 4 (44.4%) of 9 patients with grade I, 10 (71.4%) of 14 patients with grade II and 15(93.8%) of 16 Cases with grade III. The number of p53 positive was 29 cases (74.4%) out of 39 patients and was significantly higher in high-grade TCC (P= 0.026). Conclusion: Regarding the results of the study, the accuracy of immunohistochemistry technique to diagnose P53 mutation seems to be around 90%. However, to obtain better results assessing a study with larger number of patients is recommended.}, Keywords = {P53 gene, Bladder cancer, Transitional cell carcinoma, immunohistochemistry}, volume = {14}, Number = {1}, pages = {9-15}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-127-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-127-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Shabbidar, S. and Fathi, B.}, title = {Effects of nutrition education on knowledge and attitudes of type 2 diabetic patients}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Diabetes Melitus is one of the most common metabolic complications that is rapidly growing. Thus, a proper preventive measure is necessary to control the disease. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of nutrition education on knowledge and attitudes of type 2 diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: This prospective study was conducted in Rasht Razi Hospital on 135 randomly selected individuals with type 2 diabetes, aged between 35-70 years diagnosed with type 2 diabetes after 35 years of age. Intervention consisted of 64 contact hours during several months. The intervention involved 3 months of weekly instructional sessions on nutrition, self monitoring of blood glucose, exercise and other self-care topics, in addition to 3 months of biweekly support sessions to promote behavior changes. At the end, dietary behaviors, knowledge, attitudes and fat intake of the cases were analyzed. To do so, the differences between the cases' behaviors before and after intervention were evaluated by means of statistical tests of ANOVA and student-t tests at the significant level of P≤0.05. Results: Significant reduction was seen in fat intake among the cases compared with those in the control group. This reduction was maintained during 3-months of follow up assessment. Likewise, significant changes in dietary patterns, which were also maintained after the study, were reported. These changes were not observed in dietary pattern replacement. Conclusions: This model of health promotion seems to have the potential for decreasing fat and improving dietary patterns in type 2 diabetic patients.}, Keywords = { Nutrition education, Diabetes, Knowledge, Attitudes}, volume = {14}, Number = {1}, pages = {9-15}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-126-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-126-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {MohammadiFard, M. and MohammadiFard, M. and ModarShahian, F.}, title = {Comparison of traditional instruction with chart- based instruction on the detection of hyperlucency in chest radiographies pertaining to first year clinical students}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Evaluation of clinical experience is one of the most important aspects of assessing students’ performance, which is related to the type of instruction whose promotion improves educational quality. It is clear that promotion of education quality has an important role in practice. The aim of this study was to compare traditional instruction with chart-based instruction on the detection of hyperlucency in chest radiographies pertaining to medical students. Materials and Methods: In this clinical trial study, medical stagers were divided into two groups, consisting of 30 subjects. The first group was instructed through traditional method and the second one who had not passed their radiology course had been instructed on charts and diagnostic tables concerning diagnosis and interpretation of radiolucency in chest radiography by means of chart and face to face method. Then, the members of both groups were evaluated through questionnaires regarding 15 dissimilar plain chest radiographies. The obtained data was analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Both groups achieved more than 60% of their final exam score thus, there was no significant difference between the two groups while the second one gained better results. Conclusion: This study indicated that both of the instruction methods are useful and practical and a combination of them could promote the quality of medical education.}, Keywords = {Hyperlucency, Traditional instruction, Medical, Algorithm}, volume = {14}, Number = {1}, pages = {9-15}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-125-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-125-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Shidfar, MR. and Hosseini, M. and ShojaeiZadeh, D. and Asasi, N. and Majlesi, F. and Nazemi, S.}, title = {Effectiveness of an educational program on knowledge and attitudes of angina patients in Mashhad, Iran: Results of an intervention}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Unstable angina (UA) patients are the majority of hospitalized patients in CCU exposed to high probability of recurrence. Most often re-hospitalization of these patients is due to lack of enough information and not obeying medical advice. The main objective of this study was to determine the impact of an educational intervention based on Health Belief Model on knowledge and attitudes of unstable angina patients in Mashhad university hospitals. Materials and Methods: An interventional study was conducted on 180 patients with unstable angina, consisting of 90 cases and 90 controls, who were hospitalized in the Heart Wards of two university hospitals in Mashhad. Randomly, the patients of one of these hospitals were selected as the case (intervention) and those in the second as control group (90 patients each). Professional physicians and nurses instructed the patients in the intervention group before and after discharge for two months. Data were obtained through a questionnaire before and after intervention in both groups. Then, the data were analyzed by SPSS (11.5) & STATA (8.0) software’s, using chi-square and ANCOVA tests. In all statistical analyses α=0.05 was taken as the significant level. Results: The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) showed that, compared with the subjects’ pre-intervention knowledge status score, there was a significant increase in the score of the intervention group (P<0.0001). The intervention resulted in improving the attitude status in the group (P<0.0001). But there was no significant increase in these variables in the control group. Conclusion: It is possible to use nurses' capacities in improving heart patients' knowledge and attitudes. Thus, it is necessary that instructional service by nurses be offered under a well-planned program in order to improve the quality of life of heart patients.}, Keywords = {Knowledge, Attitude, Educational intervention, Health belief model, Unstable angina}, volume = {14}, Number = {1}, pages = {9-15}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-124-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-124-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Ghaderi, R. and Alipour, A.}, title = {Association of A, B, O and Rh blood groups with Vitiligo}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Vitiligo is an acquired depigmentary dermatitis on an otherwise normal skin, which involves 1-2% of general population. Despite Various hypotheses and theories postulated, its etiology remains unknown. Genetic factors and blood groups seem to be implicated, to some extent, in the etiology of the disorder. This study was done to determine the association of Vitiligo with A, B, O blood groups and Rh. Materials and Methods: In this case control study two groups were compared one with 100 Vitiligo cases and the other (the control group) consisting of 100 patients without the disorder in the dermatology clinics of Birjand. Then, blood groups and Rh of both groups were determined. Incidence of each blood group among patients was compared with that of the control group. Data were analyzed by SPSS package, using t and chi- square tests. Results: Blood groups A, B, AB, and O in Vitiligo cases were found to be, 32%, 33%, 7% and 28% while they were 43%, 21%, 13% , and 23% in the controls, respectively. Thus, the differences were significant (2=6.85, P<0.05). The incidence of Rh positive and Rh negative blood groups in Vitiligo cases were found to be 87% and 13% compared to 83% and 17% in the controls respectively, but these differences weren't significant (2=6.7, P>0.05). Conclusion: The results obtained through this study show that subjects with blood group B are more susceptible to Vitiligo as compared to those with other groups but there is no significant association of Vitiligo with Rh.}, Keywords = {Vitiligo, Blood groups, Rh}, volume = {14}, Number = {1}, pages = {9-15}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-123-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-123-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Haghparast, A. and Esmaeili, A.}, title = {Effects of morphine and lidocaine administration into the cuneiformis nucleus of rats on acute and chronic pain modulation by formalin test}, abstract ={Background and Aim: The cuneiformis nucleus (CnF), which rest in the ventrolateral portion of the periaqueductal gray matter, has opioid receptors that may modulate acute pain. The present study was conducted to evaluate the role of morphine injection into the area of rat’s brain CnF in the modulation of chronic pain and antinociceptive effect of morphine on this area. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 40 NMRI male rats were used for morphine and lidocaine microinjection into the CnF through a guide cannula by stereotaxic instrument in accordance with Paxinos and Watson characteristics. Chronic pain was induced by injection of 50 ml of formalin 2.5% into the hind paw in rats and the number of grasping (biting and/or licking) of the area in phase I or acute phase (0-5 min) and phase II or chronic phase (15-60 min) were regarded as pain indices. The obtained data was analyzed by means of statistical tests including Analysis of Variance and Tukey post-hoc test at the significant level of P≤0.05. Results: Biting frequency was almost the same in control (saline) and intact groups but it was higher in CnF morphine- and lidocaine-microinjected groups in phase I (P<0.01) and phase II only for morphine-microinjected group (P<0.05) as compared with control (saline-treated) rats. The co-administration of morphine and lidocaine into the CnF caused a marked analgesic response (even higher than solely morphine microinjection) in phase I (P<0.0001) and phase II (P<0.05) as compared with lidocaine- and morphine-treated rats in formalin test. Conclusion: CnF has µ receptors and modulates chronic pain system as well. On the other hand, the role of morphine in acute and chronic pain descending systems is more important than lidocaine. So, it seems that CnF causes a significant analgesic response directly or through other brainstem structures in acute and/or chronic peripheral pain processing.}, Keywords = {Cuneiformis nucleus, Chronic pain, Morphine, Lidocaine, Formalin test, Rat}, volume = {14}, Number = {1}, pages = {9-15}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-122-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-122-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Salehi, F. and HassanzadehTaheri, MM. and Riyasi, H.}, title = {}, abstract ={Liver cysts in children are uncommon abnormalities which can now be easily diagnosed by means of modern technical diagnostic imaging and treated in due course. Choledochal cysts are rare congenital cystic dilatations of the biliary tract, which can involve the intra- or extrahepatic bile ducts. The estimated incidence in North America is 1: 150,000 live births. This infrequent anomaly occurs more commonly in Asian female infants. This article presents a rare congenital case of choledochal cyst. The patient is a 16 month female infant in Zahedan, who was taken to the pediatric ward of Ali ebne Abutaleb hospital by her parents. Her chief disorder was a progressive abdominal mass reported by her parents. In physical examination a palpable right upper quadrant abdominal mass was found in the absence of jaundice and achromatic stool. Abdominal radiography showed a dilated extrahepatic duct and a sub-hepatic cystic mass with 110×85×97 mm dimensions and 400 cc volume, which was confirmed by abdominal MRI and MRCP techniques. The patient underwent an exploratory laparatomy, which revealed a type III choledochal cyst (choledochocele). The cyst was resected completely and the biliary tract was bypassed. The patient was discharged while she was in good general condition and her following up showed no post -operative complications such as malignancy, stenosis, cholangitis and cholelithiasis.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {14}, Number = {2}, pages = {9-15}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-144-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-144-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Azarkar, Z. and Sharifzadeh, Gh. and Miraki, MA.}, title = {HBV, HCV and HIV prevalence among - south Khorasan prisoners}, abstract ={Background and Aim: HBV (hepatitis B virus), HCV (hepatitis C virus) and HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) are among important infectious agents in prisoners. Intravenous addicts in prisons are one of the high risk groups and are more susceptible to such viral infections. There are many reports suggesting that prevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV is higher in prisoners. The present study was carried out in Birjand aiming at determining prevalence of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV in Birjand prisoners. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive cross- sectional study prisoners in Birjand prison were studied. Sampling was done randomly. Information was collected through questionnaires and from each subject 5 ml of blood was taken to be tested for HBS Ag, anti HCV and anti HIV. The results were analyzed by means of chi- square test and P≤0.05 was taken as the significant level. Results: Totally, 400 prisoners were surveyed 80.3% of them were males and 19.7% were females. 36.3% were addicts, 18.5% had a history of tattooing, 8.5% used to have illegal sexual contacts, and 16% had experienced sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in the past. HBS Ag, HCV, and HIV prevalence in these samples were 5.8%, 7.8% and 0.0%, respectively. Prevalence of HBV was 6.5% in males and 2.5% in females (P=0.13). Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between prevalence of HBV and illegal sexual contacts while there was no significant relationship between the other variables. Prevalence of HCV was 8.4% in males and 5.1% in females (P=0.32). A significant correlation was found between HCV on one hand and transfusion (P=0.001), surgery (P<0.001), STD in the past (P=0.019), addiction (P<0.001) and tattooing (P<0.001) on the other. 0.25% of the cases had both HBV and HCV. HIV in all samples was negative so, its prevalence was zero. Conclusion: Regarding the prevalence of different types of hepatitis and risk of being infected with HIV, employing practical solutions to decrease the risk of transmission of these infections in prisoners especially vaccination against hepatitis B and instructing prisoners and prison staff are recommended.}, Keywords = {HBV, HCV, Prisoner, HIV, HBS Ag}, volume = {14}, Number = {2}, pages = {9-15}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-143-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-143-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Manzarei, Z. Sadat and Memarian, R. and Vanaki, Z.}, title = {Survey of correlation between pain and anxiety in burn patients}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Anxiety is a physiological and psychological response to burn injury which can affect physical and psychological functions of patients. This study was carried out to determine the correlation between pain and anxiety in burn patients. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical Study, which was carried out in the burn ward of Imam Reza hospital affiliated to Mashhad university of medical sciences, in Mashhad in 2004, 60 patients were hospitalized in women burn unit. Data collection tools included demographic data and self-report questionnaires concerning anxiety and pain severity and linear- visual report. The questionnaires were completed for each patient at 3 stages of the study: the first week, during the 3rd week, and the 4th week after admission. The obtained data was analyzed by means of SPSS using spearman correlation quotient at the significant level P≤0.05. Results: According to the study, there was a significant statistical correlation between pain severity and level of anxiety during the first week (P<0.002 and rs=0.61) during the third week (P<0.002 and rs=0.43), and during the fourth week (P<0.002 and rs=0.58). Conclusion: Regarding the findings of the study, it is suggested that in caring and controlling pain in burn patients controlling their anxiety be particularly attended to.}, Keywords = {Anxiety, Pain, Burn patients}, volume = {14}, Number = {2}, pages = {9-15}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-142-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-142-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Yaghobi, G. and Madarshhyan, F. and Rezaei, M.}, title = {Study of myopic risk factors in myopic and non- myopic students of Birjand students of medical sciences}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Prevalence of myopia in various races, at different ages, and in different places has been reported variously. The present study was carried out to compare myopia risk factors in myopic and non- myopic medical science students. Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, after ophthalmologic examination of all Birjand medical students in 2001 myopic students were taken as the case group and non-myopic ones as the control group Members of the two groups were homogeneous with respect to age, sex, term and course of study. Personal data and myopia risk factors were gathered by means of a specialized questionnaire. The obtained data was analyzed by means of SPSS software and inferential and descriptive statistics independent t-test, paired t-test, and 2 test. P<0/05 was considered as the significant level. Results: Totally, 750 students were examined of whom 180 students were myopic and 168 cases were non-myopic. Prevalence of myopia was 24% among the students. Mean age of myopia onset was 14.6 in males and 13.6 in females. In most cases (63.6%) the onset age was between 11 and 17. Myopia prevalence in medical students was 50%, in associates 56.7%, and in undergraduates 46%. There was a statistically significant relationship between myopia of students and their parents’ myopia (P<0.0001). Most of the myopic students were 18-21 years old (54%). In order to correct myopia, 86.5% of all cases wore spectacles, 1.68% had undergone laser surgery and 0.5% used contact lenses. There was no significant relationship between severity of myopia in the two eyes at the beginning of myopia but at the time of this study there was a significant relationship (P<0.01). It was found that using spectacles or lenses full-time or part-time had a significant relationship with progress of myopia (P<0.000). Regarding TV watching distance there was no significant relationship but it was significant with respect to hours of study, book-eye distance and full/part time spectacle wearing in the two groups (P<0.01). Conclusion: Regarding the findings of this study, school health teachers are recommended to advise students on keeping proper distance of eye from reading materials. A comparative study of myopia and its causes in the youth and middle-aged individuals is recommended.}, Keywords = {Myopia, Risk factors, Hours of study, Family history}, volume = {14}, Number = {2}, pages = {9-15}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-141-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-141-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Ghorbani, A. and Rezvanian, H. and Kazemi, A. and Saberi, A.}, title = {Determination of diabetic- polyneuropathy prevalence through clinical examination and electrodiognostic findings}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Polyneuropathy is one of the most common complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clinical examination and electrophysiological findings (i.e., nerve conduction velocity) will not only provide an accurate diagnosis of neuropathy but will also help the physician in preventing and treating the disorder. The aim of the current study was to determine the prevalence of neuropathy as well as the validity of the clinical scoring system in detecting the presence and severity of diabetic peripheral sensorimotor polyneuropathy-as confirmed by nerve conduction velocity. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study conducted at the diabetic center affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 446 Patients were evaluated by two neurologists and two residents. Through neurologic examination all patients were classified into four categories namely patients with no neuropathy, mild neuropathic ones, those with moderate neuropathy, and cases suffering from severe neuropathy. A number of patients with moderate and severe neuropathy were tested for nerve conduction velocity. All of the obtained data was analyzed by SPSS using Chi-square statistical test at the significant level of P<0.0.5. Results: Sensorimotor polyneuropathy was clinically diagnosed in 77.4% of the cases, mild polyneuropathy in 47.98%, moderate neuropathy in 25.78%, and severe polyneuropathy in 3.59%. 22.65% of the subjects were not affected by neuropathy. Nerve conduction velocity was assessed in 62 patients with moderate and severe neuropathy the results showed high correlation with the neurological scoring system (P<0.05). Conclusion: The prevalence of sensorimotor neuropathy is relatively high in our catchment area (Isfahan). Moreover, the clinical scoring system is a valid tool in early diagnosis of neuropathy in which the primary caregiver would be able to realize diabetic complications such as pain in the limbs, foot ulcer, and syncopal attack.}, Keywords = {Diabetic polyneuropathy, Physical examination, Electrophysiological test}, volume = {14}, Number = {2}, pages = {9-15}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-140-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-140-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Ziyaei, M. and Azarkar, Gh. and Saadatjou, SA. and Namaei, MH.}, title = {Study of shigella genera and their drug resistance in dysenteric patients referring to Nehbandan health -care centers and health houses}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Bloody diarrhea (dysentery) is one of the acute gastrointestinal diseases and Shigellosis is an important cause of it in our country. Variety of its causing agents (Shigella strains) and occurrence of drug resistance have made troubles in selecting of appropriate antibiotics for the treatment of shigellosis. The current study was aimed at identifying different strains of shigella and assessing their drug resistance in the urban and rural regions of Nehbandan. Materials and Methods: In this quasi experimental study 140 patients presented with acute bloody diarrhea referring to the rural and urban health centers and health houses of Nehbandan were studied. Their stool samples were cultured and underwent antibiogram tests after being carried to a Birjand medical diagnostic laboratory. Cultures were prepared according to WHO standard protocols on Eosin Methylen Blue (EMB) and Shigella - salmonella agar (SS) media. Drug susceptibility was done using disk diffusion method. The obtained data was analyzed by Chi-square and Fisher test, and P<0.05 was considered as the significant level. Results: 35 (25%) out of 140 patients were positive regarding shigellosis. The most frequent shigella serotypes were shigella Flexneri in 30 cases (85.7%), shigella Boydii in 4 cases (11.4%) and shigella Sonnei in 1 case (2.9%). All shigella strains were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin and Nalidixic acid, but 85.7% to Cefixime. Only 20% of shigella strains were sensitive to Co-trimoxazole. Conclusion: According to the study, using Nalidixic acid is recommended as the first line of treatment in shigellosis due to low price, few side effects and availability in health centers.}, Keywords = { Dysentery, Shigellosis, Shigella, Drug resistant, Antibiotic}, volume = {14}, Number = {2}, pages = {9-15}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-139-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-139-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Shahraki, T. and Shahraki, M. and Roudbari, M.}, title = {Determination of the best anthropometric index for predicting of lipid profile in Zahedanian overweight and obese women}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Although several studies have been conducted about the effectiveness of general and central obesity anthropometric indices on lipid profile, a few surveys are available concerning their relationship. As the determination of the best anthropometric index for the prediction of lipid profile in any population is necessary, the current study was carried out to find out the best anthropometric index in overweight and obese adult women in two nutrition clinics of Zahedan. Materials and Method: In a clinical cross sectional study, 728 overweight and obese women aged between 20 and 60 years, who had referred to the two nutrition clinics in Zahedan from July 2005 to May 2006, were investigated. Height, weight, waist circumference (WC) and hip circumference (HC) of the subjects were obtained and then BMI (body mass index) -as general obesity index- and WHR (waist hips ratio) and WC (as central obesity indices) were measured according to standard protocols. Individual data was collected by means of a questionnaire for each subject. TC (total cholesterol), TG (triglyceride) and HDL-C were enzymatically measured. The LDL-C was calculated according to Fried Wald Equation. The obtained data was analysed employing Pearson correlation coefficient and Z-test for Fisher’s zeta transformation and P0.05 was considered as the significant level. Results: Mean age of the women was 32±9 years and their mean BMI, WHR, WC, and HC were 32±3.5, 0.89±0.13, 99.8±12 and 111±11, respectively. There was a positive significant correlation between BMI with age (r=0.17, P<0.001), WHR (r=0.11, P<0.003), WC(r=0.49, P<0.001) and HC (r=0.45, P<0.001). Similar results were obtained regarding the correlation between WC with age, WHR, and HC. There was not any significant statistical correlation between WHR and HC with age. Pearson correlation coefficient revealed that, with the exception of HDL-C, BMI and WC indices showed positive significant correlation with TC, TG and LDL-C concentration .Such a correlation was not found for WHR and HC indices. After adjustment to age and BMI, the same results were also held especially for TC (r=0.1, P<0.01) and TG (r=0.1, P<0.001) with WC index. There was not any significant correlation between WHR and HC indices with all of the studied variables after adjustment to age and BMI. Conclusion: According to the results, WC is a better anthropometric index for the prediction of lipid profile than WHR in overweight and obese women in Zahedan. However, more studies in this domain are recommended.}, Keywords = { Anthropometric indices, Lipid profile, Overweight, Obese, Zahedan}, volume = {14}, Number = {2}, pages = {9-15}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-138-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-138-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Davoudi, Y. and MohammadiFard, M. and Madarshahian, F.}, title = {Evaluation of the uterine artery resistance index by Doppler ultrasonography in pregnant women with chronic hypertension}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Uterine placental bloodstream pressure can be measured by Doppler ultrasonography, which is a non-invasive technique. Uterine arteries velocimetry progressively decreases during the first and second trimesters in normal gestation due to trophoblastic invasion of musculoelastic membrane of uterine spiral arteries. The relationship between trophoblastic invasion and placental resistance index can be helpful in predicting gestation outcome intrauterine growth retardation in particular. The aim of this study was to measure the significance of uterine artery resistance index in predicting maternal and fetal complications in pregnant women with chronic hypertension. Materials and Methods: Uterine artery velocimetry was investigated between 28 and 32 weeks after gestation in 67 chronic hypertensive pregnant women by means of colour Doppler sonograph. Resistance index (RI) was recorded and its relationship to the development of superimposed pre-eclampsia (SPE), pregnancy aggravated hypertension (PAH), and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) was surveyed. The obtained data was analysed employing SPSS using Fisher accurate test and P0.05 was considered as the significant level. Results: There were more pregnancy complications in 21 patients with abnormal RI compared with 46 patients with normal RI (SPE 43% vs.6.5%, PAH 24% vs. 4.3% , and IUGR 71% vs. 4.3%). Conclusion: Uterine artery Doppler velocimetry helps to identify a subgroup of chronic hypertensive patients with a high frequency of pregnancy complications.}, Keywords = {Uterine artery, Doppler ultrasonography, hypertension, Pregnancy}, volume = {14}, Number = {2}, pages = {9-15}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-137-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-137-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Asgari, S. and Moshtaghiyan, J. and Hossainy, M. and Naderi, GhA.}, title = {Effects of feeding Alfalfa on lipoproteins and creating fatty streaks in hypercholestrolemic rabbits}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Cardiovascular diseases are still the leading cause of mortality in most of the countries in the world. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is a legume that because of its high nitrate and vitamin compounds and its high phytoestrogen and saponin level may be useful for the prevention of cardiovascular disorders. The current study was designed to evaluate the effect of alfalfa in the prevention and progression of atherosclerosis. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, twenty white male rabbits were fed on basic diet for 2 weeks and were then randomly divided into 4- five-member groups. The first group was fed on basic diet, the second were fed on 1% high cholesterol diet, the third group was fed on basic diet plus alfalfa, and the fourth group was fed on high cholesterol plus alfalfa diet for 12 weeks. Fasting blood samples were collected from rabbits at the start and end of study and were used to measure biochemical factors such as total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglyceride, and fasting blood sugar. At the end of the study, autopsy samples from right and left coronary arteries and aorta were evaluated for pathological examinations. The obtained data was analyzed by means of SPSS using ANOVA test at P0.05 as the significant level. Results: Consumption of alfalfa together with cholesterol by one group can decrease total cholesterol, LDL Cholesterol, triglyceride and increase HDL cholesterol level compared with high cholesterol diet. Formation of fatty streaks in the aorta, right coronary and left coronary arteries significantly reduced following high cholesterol plus alfalfa diet as compared with high cholesterol alone diet . Conclusion: Our study showed that alfalfa is effective on the prevention and progress of fatty streaks, but in order to find the exact mechanism of the process more studies are warranted.}, Keywords = {Atheosclerosis, Phytoestrogen, Alfalfa, Rabbit, Lipoprotein, Hypercholestromia}, volume = {14}, Number = {2}, pages = {9-15}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-136-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-136-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Hamidi, GA. and Manaheji, H. and SalamiZevareh, M.}, title = {Behavioural and electrophyasiological responses in neuropathic pain model of spared nerve injury in the male adult rats}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Damage to neural pathways is one of the most significant factors of neuropathic pains, which is characterized by spontaneous burning pain accompanied by allodynia and hyperalgesia. The present study was carried out to explore behavioral and electrophysiological characteristics of neuropathic pain model of Spared Nerve Injury (SNI). Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, male Sprague-Dawley rats (wt: 230-280 Gms.) were used. Anesthesia was initially induced with sodium pentobarbital (ip) at a dose of 50 mg/kg. Then, SNI surgery operation was performed on them. The animals were tested for their behavioral responses shown as heat and mechano-allodynia and heat and mechano-hyperalgesia prior to the surgery ("0" day), and on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day post- operation. Electrophysiological responses by the sciatic nerve were recorded two weeks after the operation. Stimulation of the sural nerve branch and proximal area of auxotomized nerve were recorded proximally. Repeated ANOVA and one-way ANOVA statistical softwares were applied to the results of behavioural testing and electrophysiological responses, respectively. P≤0.05 was considered as the significant level. Results: Compared to the control group, the rats in the SNI group revealed an obvious difference in their behavioral responses towards heat and mechano-stimulation manifested by allodynia and hyperalgesia, respectively (P<0.05, P<0.01). Conduction velocity (CV) significantly reduced in SNI rats compared to the control group (P<0.05). Amplitude also slightly decreased in the SNI group. Compound action potential (CAP) rising time was similar in both SNI and the control animals. Conclusion: SNI models showed acute behavioural responses to both thermal and mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia stimuli. Besides, electrophysiological recordings of the nerve confirmed nerve damage and injury due to this model, which caused a decrease in nerve conduction.}, Keywords = {Neuropathic pain, Allodynia, Hyperalgesia, Electrophysiological responses SNI model}, volume = {14}, Number = {2}, pages = {9-15}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-135-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-135-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Davari, MH.}, title = {A case report of ophthalmorrhagia caused by leech attachment}, abstract ={A leech attachment in the eye is very rare, yet leeches usually attach themselves to the throat, nasal mucus, esophagus, pharynx, rectum, and vagina. A leech can cause epistaxis, haematemesis, hemoptysis rectal and vaginal hemorrhage. In this article, a case of the eye contact to leech is reported. A seven year old boy with eye hemorrhage, who suffered from an attached leech in the limbus of the left eye and had a history of swimming in his village stream, was assessed. The patient was first diagnosed as a corneal perforation and prolapse of the iris. However, slit lamp examination showed a brown-gray waveringly moving mass resembling a leech, which had apparently penetrated into the mucus and was sucking the blood and causing hemorrhage. Besides, conjuctival bleeding was seen around this spot. The leech was taken out in the operation room under topical anesthesia using tetracain 5%. Finally, bleeding was stopped under pressure dressing. The following day, examination of the case revealed the biting spot of the leech in temporal limbus and conjuctival bleeding.. The patient received an antibiotic drop (Chloramphenicol 0.5%) and a steroid drop (Betametasone 0.1%), which resulted in the elimination of all symptoms after one week. Although parasitic living of leech in the eye is rare if present, it can cause profuse hemorrhage on the surface of the eye. Thus it is important to suspect that a leech has already infested a patient who has no history of trauma but suffers from ophthalmorrhagia, has a history of swimming in rivers and/or washing the face in rivers or puddles of water,and is a rural inhabitant. Therefore, having a leech in the eye-as a differential diagnosis-must be taken into account.}, Keywords = {Leech, Ophthalmorrhagia, Corneal perforation, Iris prolapse}, volume = {14}, Number = {3}, pages = {9-15}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-157-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-157-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {TayyebiMeibodi, N. and Amooeian, S. and Khoei, AR. and Farhadi, F.}, title = {Calcified amorphous tumor of the heart (cardiac CAT), A case report}, abstract ={Calcified amorphous tumor of the heart (cardiac CAT) is a rare non- neoplastic cardiac mass with unknown pathogenesis, 12 cases of which have been reported so far. This report presents a 73 year old woman with chest pain complaint continuing since last year. Workup revealed left atrium mass of posterior wall origin . The specimen was a solid calcified nodule with firm consistency and 2.5cm in diameter. Microscopic examination revealed fibrohyalinizing lesion with extensive calcium deposits, chronic inflammatory infiltration and blood elements.The lesion is diagnosed as calcified amorphous tumor of the heart.}, Keywords = {Calcified amorphous tumor, Cardiac CAT, Heart, Atrium mass, Microscopic examination}, volume = {14}, Number = {3}, pages = {9-15}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-156-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-156-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Delaram, M. and HasanPoor, A. and Noorian, K. and Kazemian, A.}, title = {Impact of early admission in labor on maternal and neonatal outcomes in Hajar health-care center of Shahr-e-Kord, Iran.}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Time of hospitalization of women for delivery can have an important impact on the outcome of labor and attention to it could prevent many complications affecting mother and fetus. The aim of this study was to detect the impact of early admission of women in labor and maternal and neonatal outcomes. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive and analytical study , 463 women with low risk Pregnancy single fetus and vertex presentation, that had been admitted in their latent phase (group 1) and 287 women who had similar characteristics and had been admitted in their active phase (group 2) were assessed in Hajar hospital from February to November 2004. Information recording forms and check lists were used for data collection. SPSS software, t-test, chi -square and logistic regression tests were used to analize the obtained data. P<0.05 was considered as the significant level. Results: 463 (61.7%) of women admitted were in their latent phase and 287 (38.3%) cases were in their active phase of labor. Mean age of mother, gestational age based on left mentoposterior (LMP) and sonography, mean birth weight and Apgar score of neonates were not significant in the two groups. Although the number of women who were augmentated with oxytocin due to dystocia were similar in the two groups (79.9% ,76.5%), the incidence of cesarean section in women who received oxytocin was more in group 1 than in group 2 (57.2% versus 25.8% , P<0.001). Total rate of cesarean section was more in group 1 than in group 2 (363 versus 118, P<0.001).The main Cause of cesarean section in group 1 was dystocia and in group 2 it was fetal distress. There was no difference in the rates of forceps delivery, vacuum extraction, neonatal intubation and postpartum hemorrhage in two groups. Conclusion: It is suggested that pregnant women should be sufficiently instructed about prenatal care regarding the signs of the beginning of active labor and they had better refer to the hospital when in the active phase of labor in order to prevent complications which could be resulted from early admission.}, Keywords = {Early admission, Labor, Maternal, Neonatal, Outcomes}, volume = {14}, Number = {3}, pages = {9-15}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-155-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-155-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Fesharakiniya, A. and Sharifzadeh, GhR. and Sadrzadeh,, M. and Segalahgi, H.}, title = {Prevalence of iron deficiency and its related anemia in junior school students in Birjand}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency in the world and its related anemia is the most common hematological disease in children and adolescents. Since iron deficiency can produce anemia and learning difficulties in children in rapid- growing ages, awareness of its prevalence can affect on planning preventive measures. The present study aimed at determining iron deficiency prevalence , its related anemia, and some relevant factors in junior school students in Birjand in 2006. Materials and Methods: In this cross- sectional and descriptive study, 450 students from junior schools were selected by multi-stage random method. After the study was clarified, parents filled out their respective consent forms regarding their children and personal information of the students was recorded thus, height and weight of students were measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. CBC differential and serum ferritin were measured. Iron deficiency was defined as serum ferritin≤12μg/L and anemia was defined as Hb<12g/dL and iron deficiency anemia was defined as both (SF≤12, Hb<12).The obtained data were analysed by means of SPSS software and statistical tests (Chi-Square and Fisher) at the level of  =0.05. Results: Prevalence of anemia was 3.6%, iron deficiency anemia 1.8% and iron deficiency was 24%. Prevalence of iron deficiency showed significant relationship to sex (female), menstruation, and increasing age. There was not a significant relationship between iron deficiency and its respective anemia to score, degree of birth, body mass index, age, job, and parents’ level of education. Conclusion: With regard to relatively high prevalence of iron deficiency and its health and socioeconomic complications, it is recommended that screening programs for iron deficiency will be done during the rapid- growing age of children so that they would be treated if necessary.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {14}, Number = {3}, pages = {9-15}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-154-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-154-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {RezaeiTalab, F. and Akbari, H.}, title = {Relationship between anthracosis and pulmonary tuberculosis in patients examined through bronchoscopy}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Bronchial anthracosis is due to entrapment of carbon, silica, quartz and other particles in pulmonary mucosa, submucosa, and inside macrophages. Lesions have a black appearance in bronchoscopy and may be accompanied with Mycobacterium Tuberculosis infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between anthracosis and tuberculosis. Materials and Methods: This is an epidemiologic descriptive study all the patients who under went fiberoptic bronchoscopy in Mashhad Imam Reza hospital from September 2003 to September 2005.Sample of bronchopulmonary lavage of every patient was taken and, in order to get the respective smear and process the culture to identify tuberculosis bacillus, was tested. The obtained data was analysed by means of SPSS statistical software, statistical tests chi-Square, and t-test and P≤0.05 was taken as the significant level. Results: Totally, 1000 patients were evaluated and according to bronchoscopic findings anthracosis was diagnosed in 225 cases. Of these, 58.7% were males and 41.3 females. Mean age was 65.45 ±12.05 years. Pulmonary tuberculosis was demonstrated in 57 (25.3%) of patients while 44 cases (5.7%) of patients without anthracosis had tuberculosis. Thus, pulmonary tuberculosis was significantly more prevalent in patients with anthracosis (P<0.0001). Conclusion: Bronchial anthracosis is one of the notorious symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) thus, in patients with anthracosis and pulmonary symptoms, pulmonary TB should be taken into consideration. This would be an appropriate guide in the prevention and treatment of the patients. On the other hand, regarding that pulmonary tuberculosis is still one of the health problems of the present century caring about its risk factors and coexistant conditions including anthracosis in patients having pulmonary symptoms is recommended.}, Keywords = {Anthracosis, Bronchoscopy, Tuberculosis}, volume = {14}, Number = {3}, pages = {9-15}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-153-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-153-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Taheri, F. and Kazemi, T.}, title = {Risk Factors for Low Birth Weight in Birjand, Iran (a case-control study)}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Low birth weight (LBW) is a major public health problem. LBW is associated with increased neonatal morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and some risk factors in LBW infants delivered in Birjand maternity hospitals. Materials and Methods: In this case-control study all LBW babies (202) delivered during 6 months, between 20-4-2004 and 21-10-2004 in Birjand maternity hospitals were investigated. Every neonate whose weight was equal to or less than 2500 gm was taken as a case and the first neonate following the former whose weight was more than 2500 gm was taken as a control. Data gathering was done through questionnaires, interviewing the mothers, and physical examination. The obtained data was analyzed by SPSS software, Chi-square and Logistic regression tests at the significant level α= 0.05. Results: Out of 2558 neonates, 202 (7.9%), were LBW. It was found that LBW was associated with sex (P=0.01), emesis gravidarum (P<0.001), mother’s hypertension during pregnancy (P<0.001), and delivery interval less than 24 months (P= 0.04). Conclusion: Regarding the relationship between LBW and some risk factors, which are mostly preventable, taking measures such as education of the public- especially young females-and promoting the quality of maternal care during pregnancy particularly in high risk pregnancies, are recommended.}, Keywords = {Low Birth Weight (LBW), Risk factor, Pregnancy, hypertension, Emesis, gravidarum}, volume = {14}, Number = {3}, pages = {9-15}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-152-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-152-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Kalbasi, S. and Hoseini, H. and NadiMoghadam, S. and Soltani, M.}, title = {Effect of Levothyroxine Therapy on Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody Level in 20-50 year old females with Hashimoto’s disease}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Hashimoto's thyroiditis is the most prevalent cause of hypothyroidism in children and adults. The disease clinically manifests itself in three forms namely hypothyroidism, euthyroidism, and hyperthyroidism. The present study was carried out aiming at determining anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody variation before and after levothyroxine treatment in hashimoto's thyroiditis patients. Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, at first patients with firm goiter referring to Birjand glands deficiency clinic between 2005 and 2006 were examined, and those with positive anti- TPO antibody were accounted as hashimoto cases. Then, these cases were prescribed a three- month treatment with 100 microgram daily of levothyroxine. At the end of the period, their level of anti- TPO antibody was measured and their clinical conditions were assessed. The obtained data was then analysed by means of SPSS software statistical tests including independent t, paired t test and chi-square test. Results: Majority (67.1%) of the patients were diagnosed as hypothyroid, and 32.9% were euthyroid cases. The level of anti-TPO antibody in 20% of the patients reached normal level after a period of three month treatment with levothyroxine. Mean anti-TPO antibody level before levothyroxine treatment was 450.74±122.05 IU/mL, which reduced to 236.2±153.96 IU/mL after treatment (P<0.001). Mean anti-TPO antibody level before treatment was higher (P<0.001) in hypothyroid patients compared with euthyroid ones. After treatment with levothyroxine, antibody level in hypothyroid cases also remained higher than that of euthyroid ones (P<0.001). Conclusion: Anti-TPO antibody level in Hashimoto patients with hypothyroidism is higher than euthyroid ones. After treatment, anti-TPO antibody level decreases in both groups but the decrease is more prominent in euthyroid cases than patients who remain hypothyroid. Regarding these facts, it could be confirmed that anti-TPO antibody measurement (as an important diagnostic and follow-up procedure and for prognosis in Hashimoto) will be useful.}, Keywords = {Thyroiditis, Hashimoto, Anti-thyroid Peroxidase (Anti-TPO), Hypothyroidism, Euthyroidism}, volume = {14}, Number = {3}, pages = {9-15}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-151-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-151-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Afzalpour, ME.}, title = {Effects of two types of aerobic exercises on low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and cardiovascular risk factors in non-active men}, abstract ={Background and Aim: As suggested by some studies lipids oxidation, especially low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - not its mere concentration- is the main cause of atherosclerosis processes. Besides, it has been reported that exercise and physical activity influences LDL oxidation process and its qualitative characteristics. The present study was carried out to determine the effects of two types of aerobic exercises (moderate and vigorous) on LDL oxidation and other cardiovascular risk factors. Materials and Methods: This semi-experimental study was performed on 44 non-active men. These subjects were divided into a case and a control group. The case (training group) carried out the designed trainings for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week and each session 30-45 minutes while the control group did not have any regular activity at the same time. Moderate and vigorous aerobic exercises were performed at 60-65% and 80-85% of maximal cardiac reserve rate respectively. Dependent variables (oxidized LDL, HDL, LDL, total cholesterol, triglyceride, body mass index) were measured in the three phases of the study, including pre-test, mid-test, and post-test. To show the effect of exercise, ANOVA statistical test was used and P<0.05 was taken as the significant level. Results: Serum oxidation of LDL, LDL concentration, total cholesterol (TC) or triglyceride (TG) concentration did not reveal any significant differences among the three groups of participants. However, it was observed that HDL concentration and serum HDL/LDL ratio significantly increased and body mass index (BMI) significantly decreased (P<0.05) in vigorous aerobic exercise group after 8 weeks. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that performing aerobic exercises (up to 60-85 percent of maximal cardiac reserve rate) could not produce high oxidative stress and due to lack of LDL oxidation condition a significant change in the defensive factors, which are usually utilized against acute atherogenic conditions, does not occur.}, Keywords = {Aerobic Exercises, Lipoproteins, oxidation, Oxidative Stress}, volume = {14}, Number = {3}, pages = {9-15}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-150-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-150-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Zarban, A. and Malekaneh, M. and RezaBoghrati, M.}, title = {Antioxidant properties of pomegranate juice and its scavenging effect on free radicals}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Epidemiological findings have shown that consuming foods and beverages having high levels of phenolic compounds decreases the risk of many diseases such as cardiovascular ones. During recent years, there has been considerable interest in identifying natural sources with antioxidant activities to prevent oxidative stress- induced damages. The aim of this study was to measure phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties of pomegranate juice, its antioxidant capacity and scavenging effect on free radicals in comparison with other juices. Materials and methods: In this experimental and laboratory study, antioxidant properties of pomegranate concentrate and also nine brand juices were evaluated. Phenolic compounds of pomegranate juice and the other samples were evaluated by means of Folin-Ciocalteu method, their antioxidant properties by FRAP method (Ferric Reducing/Antioxidant power Assay), and their power in scavenging the radical DPPH (1, 1-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl) was measured. Besides, the capacity of pomegranate juice inhibitory effect on peroxidation of plasma lipids by copper ions and its inhibitory effect on controlling the hemolysis of erythrocytes induced by H2O2 were studied. The obtained data was analyzed by means of SPSS software. Results: The most amount of phenolic compounds was found in pomegranate juice (205.05.0 mg Gallic acid equivalent to 100 ml of diluted pomegranate juice). Pomegranate also showed the highest total antioxidant capacity (11.170.3 mmol/l). In DPPH method whose radical scavenging activity was evaluated by the specific sample, pomegranate also showed its most capacity (96%).Correlative studies have shown that there is a positive and significant correlation between phenolic compounds content of the studied samples and their total antioxidant capacity in inhibiting or scavenging of DPPH radical. Studying the effect of different dilutions of pomegranate juice on inhibiting the formation of conjugated diene in plasma lipids and hemolysis of erythrocytes showed that in a dose-bound process the more the concentration of pomegranate juice, the more its inhibitory effect on hemolysis. Conclusion: On the basis of the results of this study, compared with other fruit juices studied pomegranate juice has more phenolic compounds and its total oxidant capacity is high besides, it has great strength in inhibiting different radicals and can have beneficial effects on improving antioxidant defence of the body and decreasing oxidative stress of it.}, Keywords = { Pomegranate juice, Phenolic compounds, Total antioxidant activity}, volume = {14}, Number = {3}, pages = {9-15}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-149-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-149-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Boroomandfar, Kh. and Kazemiyan, A. and Safdari, F. and Delaram, M. and Nooriyan, K.}, title = {Effect of Vitex on hot flash of menopausal women referred to health center of Isfahan}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Menopause is a period in women’s lives that is accompanied with outcomes and effects which can adversely affect on the quality of life and weaken well-being. The most widely recognized outcome of menopause is hot flash that adversely affects on work, social activities, enjoying life, sleep, and- in sum- total quality of living. The common treatment of this symptom is hormone treatment (HRT) which has some adverse effects and sometimes some contraindications. The present study aimed at assessing the effect of Vitex on hot flash. Materials and Methods: This double –blind and clinical trial was performed on 54 women with hot flash aged between 45 and 55 years in Isfahan in 2002, which had been referred for treatment. The population was randomly divided into 2 groups: 1) taking Vitex 2) control group, taking placebos. Data collection was done through interviews and a questionnaire considering demographic and hot flash characteristics (using Kupperman Index), which was filled out for each woman. Hot flash was assessed in three stages .The obtained data was analysed by means of SPSS software, descriptive and inferential statistics and P≤0.05 was taken as the significant level. Results: It was found that there was a significant difference in severity of hot flash before and after treatment in vitex group (P<0.012).While the difference was not significant after treatment in the placebo group. (P>0.05).Comparing the two groups with respect to severity of hot flash after treatment revealed a significant statistical difference (P<0.05) though the difference was not significant before treatment. Conclusion: Vitex can act as an alternative in treating menopausal hot flash particularly in those who cannot safely bear hormonal treatment.}, Keywords = {Hot flash, Vitex Agnus Castus, Menopause}, volume = {14}, Number = {3}, pages = {9-15}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-148-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-148-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Nourooz-Zadeh, J. and Eftekhar, E.}, title = {Physiological importance of glutathione in health and disease}, abstract ={Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant low molecular weight- thiol and thus representing the first line of cellular defense against oxidative stress in biological systems. Other important functions of glutathione include regulation of gene expression, signal transduction, cell proliferation and apoptosis, cytokine production and immune response. Intracellular glutathione concentrations vary from 1-10 mM with the reduced GSH being the predominating form. Consequently, the measurement of the ratio of GSH/GSSG is considered as an important index of cell functionality and viability. Glutathione deficiency has been implicated in aging as well as pathogenesis of many diseases including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, AIDS, pulmonary and neurodegenerative diseases. Preventive measures against glutathione depletion include consumption of protein diet containing glutathione precursors, protection against ionizing radiation and avoiding smoking, exhaustive sports as well as overuse of over counter drugs.}, Keywords = {Glutathione, Biosynthesis, Oxidative stress}, volume = {14}, Number = {3}, pages = {9-15}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-147-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-147-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Ehsanbahksh, AR and Chahkandy, T and Khorashadizadeh, N}, title = {A case report of Wolman disease in an Iranian neonate}, abstract ={Wolman's disease is a rare fatal autosomal recessive hereditary disorder caused by a chromosomal abnormality called "lysosomal acid lipase enzyme" that leads to accumulation of triglycerides and cholesterol esters in different body tissues of neonates. There is another form of the disorder called Cholesterol Ester Storage Disease, which is a benign adult form of it. Diagnosis is based on clinical, laboratory, and radiographic imaging. Prenatal diagnosis of the disease is based on `enzyme decrease through culturing amniocytes or chorionic villi. So far, 50 cases of the disease have been reported in the world. In this article a case of this fatal disease in a neonate in Birjand, South Khorasan of Iran is reported.}, Keywords = {Acid lipase enzyme deficiency, Wolman's disease, Iran, Birjand}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {9-15}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-172-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-172-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Hashemi, J and MohammadiFard, M and Haghi, Z}, title = {Infected esophageal duplication cyst in an adult man- A Case Report.}, abstract ={Esophageal duplication cyst is a rare congenital foregut anomaly. Making a definite diagnosis is difficult preoperatively, although various imaging techniques can help to localize these lesions and exclude other causes. Here we present a patient who had an esophageal duplication cyst with infection, in which its signs on chest x-ray, computed tomography (CT), and barium swallow examination are reported.}, Keywords = {Computed tomography, Esophageal duplication cyst, Barium swallow}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {9-15}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-171-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-171-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Nadjafi-Semnani, M and Foadudiny, M and Asgharian, M}, title = {Study of patients operated upon for undescended testis in Emam Reza hospital, Birjand, Iran from 1994 to 2001}, abstract ={  Background and Aim: Cryptorchidism or undescended testis is one of the most common congenital abnormalities in boys, and the majority of cases have no discernible etiology. There are unexplained geographical differences and temporal trends in its epidemiologic studies. There are limited studies regarding the epidemiology of this disease in Iran. The present study was carried out to evaluate cryptorchids operated in Birjand.   Materials and Methods: In order to study the disease in Birjand, medical records of patients that had been treated for cryptorchidism between 1994 and 2001 in Emam Reza hospital affiliated to Birjand University of Medical Sciences were reviewed. Data was gathered through a questionnaire filled out by the researchers themselves. The obtained data was analysed by means of SPSS software and statistical tests.   Results: One hundred and forty-six patients were operated during this period. Minimum, maxim, and mean age were 7 months, 34 months, and 10±1.2 years, respectively. Localization was right, left, and bilateral in 52.7%, 33.6% and 12.3% respectively. For 14% of the cases, there was no record in the respective files. Out of 81 cases whose familial history had been recorded 10% (8 cases) had positive family history of cryptorchidism and 73 cases (90%) had no familial history. In 94.5% of the cases the testis was found during the exploration of the same side and 2.7% of the cases no testes were found. In 2.7%, which had bilateral undescended condition, one testis was not found but the other was. Totally, in 5.4% no testes were found during exploration. Location of the testis was in inguinal canal and abdominal cavity in 61.7% and 36.3% of the patients, respectively. Most (91.8%) of them had undergone orchiopexy and 8.2% had had orchiectomy operation. There was no malignancy in those who had undergone testis biopsy (7 cases).   Conclusion: Regarding the findings of the study, it seems that for proper diagnosis and treatment of this very common congenital disorder there should be an instructional program for midwives, nurses and physicians pertaining to mandatory record of scrotal examination in the medical record of the all newborn and parents should be advised to treat their affected boys at age of 1 to 2 years.}, Keywords = {Undescended testis, Orchiopexy, Ectopic testis, Orchiectomy}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {9-15}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-170-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-170-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Miri, MR and Abdorrazzaghnezhad, M and HajiAbadi, MR and Soorgi, Z and Qasemi, Kh}, title = {Relationship between depression and level of reliance on God in Birjand university students.}, abstract ={  Background and Aim: Major depression is one of the main causes of debility all over the world. Prevalence of depression is reported to be 15% in men and 25% in women during their life-time. Various researches indicate that utilizing religious approaches play an efficient and effective role in treating mental disorders. The present study was conducted aiming at determining the relationship between depression, as a mental disorder, and the level of reliance on the Lord as one of the bases of religious thinking among students.   Materials and Methods: In this descriptive- analytical study, 400 students of Birjand universities were assessed by means of two questionnaires: 1. a standard depression test questionnaire (having 21 questions) 2.A standard reliance questionnaire (having 24 questions).The obtained data was analyzed by means of SPSS software, using statistical chi-square test, variance analysis, and independent t-test and P≤0.05 was considered as the significant level.   Results: The study showed that 43% of the subjects had no depression, 22.1% had minor depression, 10% required counseling by a psychiatrist, 16.6% were moderately depressed, and 8.2% were intensely depressed. The study also showed that 65.8% of the subjects had moderate level of reliance and only 14.3% had the advantage of high level of reliance. There was an inverse correlation between the students’ rate of depression and their level of reliance so that with the rise of reliance the degree of depression decreased and vice versa (P<0.001) The study did not reveal any significant relationship between depression and level of divine reliance to variables such as sex, order of birth, age, education, parents being alive .   Conclusion: It was found that depression is discernible among students, but its rate varies with their reliance on the Lord therefore, it is predictable that religious beliefs, in addition to reducing the prevalence of depression, play a positive role in the course and prognosis of depression. Because students are regarded as the educated and efficient sector of society, the more their reliance on God and the more their sense of spiritual tranquility, the better their mental health. Moreover, religion is a supportive source for individuals, depending on religious beliefs and activities is effective on managing emotional tensions and physical complications.}, Keywords = {Depression, Level of reliance, students, God, The Lord}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {9-15}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-169-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-169-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Khazaei, T and Hoseinzadeh, E and Javadzadeh, M}, title = {Frequency of convulsion in infants hospitalized in Zahedan pediatric hospital}, abstract ={  Background and Aim: Convulsion in infants with the prevalence of 4 to 6 cases in 1000 is the most common neurological disorder in pediatrics. The reason for this study was the rather high prevalence of convulsion, its psychosocial and cognitive importance, and determining the underlying factors of the disorder in infants.   Materials and Methods: In this descriptive- analytical study, 178 hospitalized infants suffering from convulsion were selected through purpose- based sampling. Data gathering was done by means of a three-section questionnaire which included personal characteristics, convulsion seizure, and diagnostic procedures performed .Then, the obtained data was analysed employing SPSS software, using chi-square, and correlation coefficient statistical tests at the significant level P≤0.05.   Results: Out of 178 infants studied, 57.2% were males and 42.8% females. 86.7% had been born naturally and 13.3% through cesarean section. Mean hospitalized time was 5.63 days, €mean child age was 3.05 years, birth weight was 2838.92gr, and mean convulsion time was 7.85 minutes. Frequency of convulsion in 44.4% of the children was 3 times a day and 20.2% of them had a positive familial history 48.6% of the patients had febrile convulsion, 28.1% epilepsy, 5.6% infection, 9.6% static encephalopathy , and 7.9% revealed other factors of convulsion. There was not a significant relationship between either sex , delivery type, or birth weight to convulsion but the relationship to age at the onset of convulsion, its period and frequency was significant (P=0.00). Underlying factors of convulsion were fever, upper respiratory infection (40%), gastroenteritis (3.4%), urinary infection (4%), pneumonia (12%), otitis (5%), septicemia (3.6%), and unidentified fever (5%).   Conclusion: Although convulsion is a benign disorder in most cases, the frequency of those convulsions which require investigation and special treatment planning is of such level that complete description, careful examining and paraclinical assessment planning should be performed for each infant because diagnostic assessment influences treatment, family counseling, necessity of hospitalization, and particular follow-up of these patients. Presenting accurate reports of convulsion attacks will help the nurse to identify underlying and intensifying factors, reduce or prevent their frequency and decrease potential complications.}, Keywords = {Convulsion, Children, Etiology, Nursing}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {9-15}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-168-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-168-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Soleimani, Gh and SaneeiMoghadam, E and Gorgani, F}, title = {Frequency of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) anti-antibody titer in 0-14 year old children referred to Aliasghar clinic in Zahedan}, abstract ={  Background and Aim: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection produces a wide variety of clinical symptoms ranging from an asymptomatic infection to the classic infection "mononucleosis". Clues of the virus have also, been found in some malignancies. Since the lower the age at infection onset, the weaker the clinical symptoms will be the disease can be asymptomatic and atypical in children. Regarding epidemiologic factors affecting EBV infection, the present study was carried out to determine the frequency of EBV anti-antibody titer in 1- 14 year old children.   Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional and descriptive study, which was done between 2005 and 2006, all 0-14 year old children who had been referred to Aliasghar Children Clinic in Zahedan were surveyed. Questionnaires covering individual information queries were filled out for all children and their blood samples were taken. By using ELISA the amount of EBV anti-antibody (vcA-IgG) in the samples was measured. Finally, the obtained data was analysed by means of SPSS software using chi-square statistical test and P≤0.05 was taken as the significant level.   Results: Out of 245 cases under study, 138 cases (56.3%) were males and 107 cases (43.7%) were females. Mean age of the subjects was 4.72±3.07 years and mean family members was 5.2±1.8. Most (81.2%) of the cases revealed positive titer, 11% had negative titer, and 7.8% were intermediate after excluding less than one-year old children from the study -because of their inborn antibody- the result in percentage terms was 81.3%, 11.1%, and 7.6% respectively which did not reveal a significant difference with the previous stage .Antibody titer in both sexes was not significantly different.   Conclusion: Regarding the findings of this study, total prevalence of EBV infection among children is around 81.3%, which increases with age and living in large families. With respect to available statistics previous similar studies it revealed that the incidence of the infection in Zahedan was more than other sites, probably due to familial overpopulation and low level of hygiene}, Keywords = {Epstein Barr virus, Infectious mononucleosis, Asymptomatic infection, Anti EBV Ab titer}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {9-15}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-167-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-167-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {MazloomyMahmoodAbad, SS and Mehri, A and MorovatiSharifAbad, M and Fallahzadeh, H}, title = {Application of extended model of planned behavior in predicting helmet wearing among motorcyclist clerks in Yazd (2006)}, abstract ={  Background and Aim : In Iran about 24% of mortalities due to traffic accidents are brought about by motorcyclists . head injury is accounted as the main cause of this (65.7%-75%) fatality. Although helmet wearing can significantly decrease the risk of head injury , few motorcyclists make use of it. Planned Behavior Model is one of the important models which explains the major mechanism for accepting health behaivors.In the present study the Extended Model of Planned Behavior was applied in predicting helmet wearing among motorcyclist clerks in Yazd. .   Materials and Methods: In this descriptive_analytical and cross-sectional study130 motorcyclist clerks from six offices in Yazd selected through clustered random sampling were surveyed. Questionnaires which were filled out during individual interviews were used for data collection . A panel of experts approved the validity of the questionnaire and its reliability was verified by means of Cronbach Alpha test ( a =0.71-0.95). The obtained data was analyzed by SPSS (11.5) using Spearman Coefficient and Regression Analysis.   Results : Fifty-six subjects (43.1%) reported a history of motorcycle accident only six cases of them had worn helmets at the time of the accident .According to the results ,there was a significant correlation between all the the variables of Extended Model of planned behavior and wearing/ intention to wear helmet (P<0.01). Regression analysis indicated that attitude, Perceived behavior control and being aware of wearing helmet by other motorcyclists accounted for 59% of vairance of intention to wear helmet among the subjects. Among the variables,the effect of perceived behavior control was the strongest predictor.Besides, perceived behavior control together with intention to use helmet on the part of other motorcyclists accoutned for 49% of variance on Helmet wearing among subjects(P<0.05).   Conclusion: The results indicated a low level of helmet wearing among the subjects. Regarding the high prevalence of mortality due to head injury among motorcyclists, making more use of helmets should be recommended and promoted. Extended Model of planned behavior could be used as a theoretical framework in the instructional programms in order to predict the intention and wearing of helmets by motorcyclists.}, Keywords = {Extended model of planned behavior, Helmet use, Motorcyclist, Clerck}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {9-15}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-166-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-166-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Ramazani, A.A and Miri, M.R and Shayegan, F}, title = {Effect of health education on health coordinating volunteers of Birjand health center to promote the community healthy life styles.}, abstract ={  Background and Aim: The main goal of health coordinating volunteers' program is the promotion of their knowledge and skills through an active and favorable instructional system .Holding different training courses on healthy life styles covering nutrition, mobility, stress management, and life skills seem necessary for health coordinating volunteers so that they could learn health life skills, and appropriately transfer to the community. The present study was designed and carried out to determine the effect of health education on the promotion of health coordinating volunteers' knowledge level concerning healthy life styles.   Materials and Methods : In a quasi-experimental study, 112 health coordinating volunteers who collaborated with the Health center of Birjand University of Medical Sciences were assessed. They then attended training courses concerning nutrition, food-stuffs safety, mobility, stress management, and living skills. Pre-designed questionnaires were used to compare and evaluate pre- test and post-knowledge of health coordinating volunteers. Finally, the obtained data was analyzed by means of SPSS software using, paired t-test and Tukey test at P=0.05 as the significant level.   Results: Mean knowledge score of health coordinating volunteers revealed that their pre-intervention knowledge of 21.01 increased to 27.88 after intervention. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.01).   Conclusion: Comparison between mean knowledge score of health coordinating volunteers before and after intervention showed that continuous instruction of health coordinating volunteers would be effective and thus holding regular training courses for them are essential. Besides, instruction provided by more educated health coordinating volunteers in the community has higher effectiveness on those with a lower level of education. Thus, selecting health volunteers out of educated individuals could be more useful in promoting the community health level.}, Keywords = {Health education, Health coordinating, Volunteers, Healthy life styles}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {9-15}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-165-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-165-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Loripoor, M and Mirzaye, T and Ravari, A}, title = {Effect of universal precautions instruction on occupational exposure}, abstract ={  Background and Aim : Occupational exposure may predispose health care workers to acquiring hepatitis B, C and HIV via the skin and mucous membranes when they expose to blood and body fluids .The best preventive measure in this respect is taking universal precautions. In the wards where occupational exposure is more likely-such as dialysis, operation room, emergency, and labour-these precautions are more important .The present study was carried out to determine the effect of universal precautions instruction on the occupational exposure of midwives as a high risk group.   Material and Methods : This case-control and quasi experimental research was carried out on all of the twenty midwives in the only maternity hospital of Rafsanjan ( case group) and eighteen midwives in one of the maternity hospitals of Kerman (control group) through poll sampling. Means of gathering data was a bisectional questionnaire consisting of queries regarding some personal characteristics and number of exposure during the latest three months. The questionnaire was filled out by the cases at the beginning of the study and was filled out again after a three month period of face-to-face instruction. The obtained data was analyzed by means of SPSS software, paired and independent t-test and chi-square and P≤0.05 was taken as the significant level.   Results : Mean of occupational exposure before instruction in the case and control group was 25.7±10 and 21.6±7.1 respectively and after three months it was 14.6±4.6 and 20.2±6.1respectively. Comparing the mean of occupational exposure before and after instruction showed a significant decrease in the case group (P=0.001) but it was not significant in the control group (P=0.3).   Conclusion : Regarding the results of the study it seems that universal education on precautions at work significantly reduces occupational exposure of health-care workers.}, Keywords = {Universal education, Instruction, precautions, Occupational exposure}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {9-15}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-164-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-164-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Jahanihashemi, Hasan and Jafari, Hossien and Kazemi, Sahar}, title = {Effect of using garlic before anesthesia on the process of anesthesia with Halothane and Thiopental in male mice}, abstract ={Background and Aim: Nowadays using herbal medicine is common among people. A large number of patients who take pharmaceuticals also use herbal medicine without knowing anything about the interaction between them. The present study was carried out to determine the effect of consuming garlic before anesthesia on the process of anesthesia with Halothane and Thiopental in male mice. Materials and Methods: In this study 24 mice with the average weight of 30±5 gr were divided into 4 groups (6 in each). Two groups of the animals received 40mg/kg of garlic concentrate intraperitoneally in the morning and in the afternoon for three successive weeks and after a two days' rest one of the groups were injected with halothane and the other one received pentobarbital. Simultaneously, the remaining two groups were injected with physiologic saline intraperitoneally and under the same condition. After anesthesia, four variables namely induction (A), duration (B), recovery (C) and heart rate (D) were assessed. The obtained data was analysed by means of SPSS software (12.0) and statistical t-test and P≤0.05 was taken as the significant level. Results: In the former 2 groups which had been injected with "Halothane" and "Halothane+garlic" there was a significant difference in the variables A (P<0.001), C (P<0.001) and D (P<0.05). In the latter 2 groups injected with "Pentobarbital" and "Pentobarbital + garlic" there was a significant difference in all the four variables (P<0.05). Conclusion: Regarding the findings of this study and applying them to humans, positive and negative effects of simultaneous use of garlic together with anesthetic drugs must be taken into account. Thus, the dose of the drugs must be determined more accurately.}, Keywords = {Anesthesia, Mice, Garlic, Halothane, Thiopental (Pentobarbital)}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {9-15}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-163-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-163-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2007} } @article{ author = {Fazel, A.R}, title = {Critical periods of embryonic development and effects of teratogens: reviews}, abstract ={  The course of human development during intrauterine life, particularly during embryonic development is extremely complex. A huge number of biochemical, physical and organizational processes must be precisely coordinated to assure normal development. Many of these events are very critical due to their irreversible nature and their short duration besides, they may be sensitive to a lot of teratogens .These stages, which are called" critical developmental stages" have attracted special attention of the researchers to the effect of different teratogenic agents during the critical stages of conception. This paper reviews some molecular events of various stages in human development during embryonic as well as fetal development besides, critical periods, involved molecules in some body organs-including glycoconjugates, morphogens, etc. have also been explained. It is emphasized that identifying these critical processes would help our colleagues to offer the requisite points to pregnant women so that they would avoid undue taking of specific drugs and chemicals. This will hopefully prevent many of inborn teratogeneses.}, Keywords = {Morphogenesis, Embryonic development, Teratogen, Glycoconjugate, Pregnancy}, volume = {14}, Number = {4}, pages = {9-15}, publisher = {Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-162-en.html}, eprint = {http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-162-en.pdf}, journal = {Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences}, issn = {1607-2197}, eissn = {2423-6152}, year = {2007} }